Federal

Title 28 — Judiciary and Judicial Procedure

805 sections, each with the official text and a plain-English explanation of what it means for you.

• § 1 — Number of justices; quorum
• § 100 — Maryland
• § 101 — Massachusetts
• § 102 — Michigan
• § 103 — Minnesota
• § 104 — Mississippi
• § 105 — Missouri
• § 106 — Montana
• § 107 — Nebraska
• § 108 — Nevada
• § 109 — New Hampshire
• § 110 — New Jersey
• § 111 — New Mexico
• § 112 — New York
• § 113 — North Carolina
• § 114 — North Dakota
• § 115 — Ohio
• § 116 — Oklahoma
• § 117 — Oregon
• § 118 — Pennsylvania
• § 119 — Puerto Rico
• § 120 — Rhode Island
• § 121 — South Carolina
• § 122 — South Dakota
• § 123 — Tennessee
• § 124 — Texas
• § 125 — Utah
• § 1251 — Original jurisdiction
• § 1252 — Repealed. Pub. L. 100–352, § 1 , June 27, 1988 , 102 Stat. 662 ]
• § 1253 — Direct appeals from decisions of three-judge courts
• § 1254 — Courts of appeals; certiorari; certified questions
• § 1255, 1256 — Repealed. Pub. L. 97–164, title I, § 123 , Apr. 2, 1982 , 96 Stat. 36 ]
• § 1257 — State courts; certiorari
• § 1258 — Supreme Court of Puerto Rico; certiorari
• § 1259 — Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces; certiorari
• § 126 — Vermont
• § 1260 — Supreme Court of the Virgin Islands; certiorari
• § 127 — Virginia
• § 128 — Washington
• § 129 — West Virginia
• § 1291 — Final decisions of district courts
• § 1292 — Interlocutory decisions
• § 1293 — Repealed. Pub. L. 87–189, § 3 , Aug. 30, 1961 , 75 Stat. 417 ]
• § 1294 — Circuits in which decisions reviewable
• § 1295 — Jurisdiction of the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
• § 1296 — Review of certain agency actions
• § 130 — Wisconsin
• § 131 — Wyoming
• § 132 — Creation and composition of district courts
• § 133 — Appointment and number of district judges
• § 1330 — Actions against foreign states
• § 1331 — Federal question
• § 1332 — Diversity of citizenship; amount in controversy; costs
• § 1333 — Admiralty, maritime and prize cases
• § 1334 — Bankruptcy cases and proceedings
• § 1335 — Interpleader
• § 1336 — Surface Transportation Board’s orders
• § 1337 — Commerce and antitrust regulations; amount in controversy, costs
• § 1338 — Patents, plant variety protection, copyrights, mask works, designs, trademarks, and unfair competition
• § 1339 — Postal matters
• § 134 — Tenure and residence of district judges
• § 1340 — Internal revenue; customs duties
• § 1341 — Taxes by States
• § 1342 — Rate orders of State agencies
• § 1343 — Civil rights and elective franchise
• § 1344 — Election disputes
• § 1345 — United States as plaintiff
• § 1346 — United States as defendant
• § 1347 — Partition action where United States is joint tenant
• § 1348 — Banking association as party
• § 1349 — Corporation organized under federal law as party
• § 135 — Salaries of district judges
• § 1350 — Alien’s action for tort
• § 1351 — Consuls, vice consuls, and members of a diplomatic mission as defendant
• § 1352 — Bonds executed under federal law
• § 1353 — Indian allotments
• § 1354 — Land grants from different states
• § 1355 — Fine, penalty or forfeiture
• § 1356 — Seizures not within admiralty and maritime jurisdiction
• § 1357 — Injuries under Federal laws
• § 1358 — Eminent domain
• § 1359 — Parties collusively joined or made
• § 136 — Chief judges; precedence of district judges
• § 1360 — State civil jurisdiction in actions to which Indians are parties
• § 1361 — Action to compel an officer of the United States to perform his duty
• § 1362 — Indian tribes
• § 1363 — Jurors’ employment rights
• § 1364 — Direct actions against insurers of members of diplomatic missions and their families
• § 1365 — Senate actions
• § 1366 — Construction of references to laws of the United States or Acts of Congress
• § 1367 — Supplemental jurisdiction
• § 1368 — Counterclaims in unfair practices in international trade.
• § 1369 — Multiparty, multiforum jurisdiction
• § 137 — Division of business among district judges
• § 138 — Terms abolished
• § 139 — Times for holding regular sessions
• § 1390 — Scope
• § 1391 — Venue generally
• § 1392 — Repealed. Pub. L. 112–63, § 203 , Dec. 7, 2011 , 125 Stat. 764 ]
• § 1393 — Repealed. Pub. L. 100–702, title X, § 1001(a) , Nov. 19, 1988 , 102 Stat. 4664 ]
• § 1394 — Banking association’s action against Comptroller of Currency
• § 1395 — Fine, penalty or forfeiture
• § 1396 — Internal revenue taxes
• § 1397 — Interpleader
• § 1398 — Interstate Commerce Commission’s orders
• § 1399 — Partition action involving United States
• § 140 — Adjournment
• § 1400 — Patents and copyrights, mask works, and designs
• § 1401 — Stockholder’s derivative action
• § 1402 — United States as defendant
• § 1403 — Eminent domain
• § 1404 — Change of venue
• § 1405 — Creation or alteration of district or division
• § 1406 — Cure or waiver of defects
• § 1407 — Multidistrict litigation
• § 1408 — Venue of cases under title 11
• § 1409 — Venue of proceedings arising under title 11 or arising in or related to cases under title 11
• § 141 — Special sessions; places; notice
• § 1410 — Venue of cases ancillary to foreign proceedings
• § 1411 — Jury trials
• § 1412 — Change of venue
• § 1413 — Venue of cases under chapter 5 of title 3
• § 142 — Repealed. Pub. L. 97–164, title I, § 115(c)(3) , Apr. 2, 1982 , 96 Stat. 32 ]
• § 143 — Vacant judgeship as affecting proceedings
• § 144 — Bias or prejudice of judge
• § 1441 — Removal of civil actions
• § 1442 — Federal officers or agencies sued or prosecuted
• § 1442a — Members of armed forces sued or prosecuted
• § 1443 — Civil rights cases
• § 1444 — Foreclosure action against United States
• § 1445 — Nonremovable actions
• § 1446 — Procedure for removal of civil actions
• § 1447 — Procedure after removal generally
• § 1448 — Process after removal
• § 1449 — State court record supplied
• § 1450 — Attachment or sequestration; securities
• § 1451 — Definitions
• § 1452 — Removal of claims related to bankruptcy cases
• § 1453 — Removal of class actions
• § 1454 — Patent, plant variety protection, and copyright cases
• § 1455 — Procedure for removal of criminal prosecutions
• § 1491 — Claims against United States generally; actions involving Tennessee Valley Authority
• § 1492 — Congressional reference cases
• § 1493 — Repealed. July 28, 1953, ch. 253, § 8 , 67 Stat. 226 ]
• § 1494 — Accounts of officers, agents or contractors
• § 1495 — Damages for unjust conviction and imprisonment; claim against United States
• § 1496 — Disbursing officers’ claims
• § 1497 — Oyster growers’ damages from dredging operations
• § 1498 — Patent and copyright cases
• § 1499 — Liquidated damages withheld from contractors under chapter 37 of title 40
• § 1500 — Pendency of claims in other courts
• § 1501 — Pensions
• § 1502 — Treaty cases
• § 1503 — Set-offs
• § 1504 — Repealed. Pub. L. 97–164, title I, § 133(f) , Apr. 2, 1982 , 96 Stat. 41 ]
• § 1505 — Indian claims
• § 1506 — Repealed. Pub. L. 97–164, title I, § 133(h) , Apr. 2, 1982 , 96 Stat. 41 ]
• § 1507 — Jurisdiction for certain declaratory judgments
• § 1508 — Jurisdiction for certain partnership proceedings
• § 1509 — No jurisdiction in cases involving refunds of tax shelter promoter and understatement penalties
• § 151 — Designation of bankruptcy courts
• § 152 — Appointment of bankruptcy judges
• § 153 — Salaries; character of service
• § 154 — Division of businesses; chief judge
• § 1541 to 1546 — Repealed. Pub. L. 97–164, title I, § 134 , Apr. 2, 1982 , 96 Stat. 41 ]
• § 155 — Temporary transfer of bankruptcy judges
• § 156 — Staff; expenses
• § 157 — Procedures
• § 158 — Appeals
• § 1581 — Civil actions against the United States and agencies and officers thereof
• § 1582 — Civil actions commenced by the United States
• § 1583 — Counterclaims, cross-claims, and third-party actions
• § 1584 — Civil actions under the United States-Canada Free-Trade Agreement or the USMCA
• § 1585 — Powers in law and equity
• § 159 — Bankruptcy statistics
• § 1602 — Findings and declaration of purpose
• § 1603 — Definitions
• § 1604 — Immunity of a foreign state from jurisdiction
• § 1605 — General exceptions to the jurisdictional immunity of a foreign state
• § 1605A — Terrorism exception to the jurisdictional immunity of a foreign state
• § 1605B — Responsibility of foreign states for international terrorism against the United States
• § 1606 — Extent of liability
• § 1607 — Counterclaims
• § 1608 — Service; time to answer; default
• § 1609 — Immunity from attachment and execution of property of a foreign state
• § 1610 — Exceptions to the immunity from attachment or execution
• § 1611 — Certain types of property immune from execution
• § 1631 — Transfer to cure want of jurisdiction
• § 1651 — Writs
• § 1652 — State laws as rules of decision
• § 1653 — Amendment of pleadings to show jurisdiction
• § 1654 — Appearance personally or by counsel
• § 1655 — Lien enforcement; absent defendants
• § 1656 — Creation of new district or division or transfer of territory; lien enforcement
• § 1657 — Priority of civil actions
• § 1658 — Time limitations on the commencement of civil actions arising under Acts of Congress
• § 1659 — Stay of certain actions pending disposition of related proceedings before the United States International Trade Commission
• § 1691 — Seal and teste of process
• § 1692 — Process and orders affecting property in different districts
• § 1693 — Place of arrest in civil action