49 U.S.C. § 31138: Minimum financial responsibility for transporting passengers

a place in another State; another place in the same State through a place outside of that State; or a place outside the United States. a place in another State; another place in the same State through a place outside of that State; or a place outside the United States. at least 16 passengers shall be at least $5,000,000; and not more than 15 passengers shall be at least $1,500,000. insurance, including high self-retention. a guarantee. a surety bond issued by a bonding company authorized to do business in the United States. A person domiciled in a country contiguous to the United States and providing transportation to which a minimum level of financial responsibility under this section applies shall have evidence of financial responsibility in the motor vehicle when the person is providing the transportation. If evidence of financial responsibility is not in the vehicle, the Secretary of Transportation and the Secretary of the Treasury shall deny entry of the vehicle into the United States. A motor carrier may obtain the required amount of financial responsibility from more than one source provided the cumulative amount is equal to the minimum requirements of this section. The Secretary may require a person, other than a motor carrier (as defined in section 13102), transporting passengers by motor vehicle to file with the Secretary the evidence of financial responsibility specified in subsection (c)(1) in an amount not less than the greater of the amount required by subsection (b)(1) or the amount required for such person to transport passengers under the laws of the State or States in which the person is operating; except that the amount of the financial responsibility must be sufficient to pay not more than the amount of the financial responsibility for each final judgment against the person for bodily injury to, or death of, an individual resulting from the negligent operation, maintenance, or use of the motor vehicle, or for loss or damage to property, or both. If, after notice and an opportunity for a hearing, the Secretary of Transportation finds that a person (except an employee acting without knowledge) has knowingly violated this section or a regulation prescribed under this section, the person is liable to the United States Government for a civil penalty of not more than $10,000 for each violation. A separate violation occurs for each day the violation continues. the nature, circumstances, extent, and gravity of the violation; with respect to the violator, the degree of culpability, any history of prior violations, the ability to pay, and any effect on the ability to continue doing business; and other matters that justice requires. The Secretary of Transportation may compromise the penalty before referring the matter to the Attorney General for collection. The Attorney General shall bring a civil action in an appropriate district court of the United States to collect a penalty referred to the Attorney General for collection under this subsection. The amount of the penalty may be deducted from amounts the Government owes the person. An amount collected under this section shall be deposited in the Highway Trust Fund (other than the Mass Transit Account). transporting only school children and teachers to or from school; providing taxicab service (as defined in section 13102); carrying not more than 15 individuals in a single, daily round trip to and from work; or providing transportation service within a transit service area under an agreement with a Federal, State, or local government funded, in whole or in part, with a grant under section 5307, 5310, or 5311, including transportation designed and carried out to meet the special needs of elderly individuals and individuals with disabilities; except that, in any case in which the transit service area is located in more than 1 State, the minimum level of financial responsibility for such motor vehicle will be at least the highest level required for any of such States. the safety of motor vehicle transportation; and the motor carrier industry; the ability of the insurance industry to provide the required amount of insurance; medical care; compensation; and other identifiable costs; the frequency with which insurance claims exceed current minimum levels of financial responsibility in fatal accidents; and the impact of increased levels on motor carrier safety and accident reduction. Prior to initiating a rulemaking to change the minimum levels of financial responsibility under section 31138 of title 49 , United States Code, the Secretary shall complete a study specific to the minimum financial responsibility requirements for motor carriers of passengers. a review of accidents, injuries, and fatalities in the over-the-road bus and school bus industries; a review of insurance held by over-the-road bus and public and private school bus companies, including companies of various sizes, and an analysis of whether such insurance is adequate to cover claims; an analysis of whether and how insurance affects the behavior and safety record of motor carriers of passengers, including with respect to crash reduction; and an analysis of the anticipated impacts of an increase in financial responsibility on insurance premiums for passenger carriers and service availability. representatives of the over-the-road bus and private school bus transportation industries, including representatives of bus drivers; and insurers of motor carriers of passengers. If the Secretary undertakes a study under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate a report on the results of the study.”