22 U.S.C. § 2151: Congressional findings and declaration of policy

(a) United States development cooperation policy The Congress finds that fundamental political, economic, and technological changes have resulted in the interdependence of nations. The Congress declares that the individual liberties, economic prosperity, and security of the people of the United States are best sustained and enhanced in a community of nations which respect individual civil and economic rights and freedoms and which work together to use wisely the world’s limited resources in an open and equitable international economic system. Furthermore, the Congress reaffirms the traditional humanitarian ideals of the American people and renews its commitment to assist people in developing countries to eliminate hunger, poverty, illness, and ignorance. Therefore, the Congress declares that a principal objective of the foreign policy of the United States is the encouragement and sustained support of the people of developing countries in their efforts to acquire the knowledge and resources essential to development and to build the economic, political, and social institutions which will improve the quality of their lives. United States development cooperation policy should emphasize five principal goals: (1) the alleviation of the worst physical manifestations of poverty among the world’s poor majority; (2) the promotion of conditions enabling developing countries to achieve self-sustaining economic growth with equitable distribution of benefits; (3) the encouragement of development processes in which individual civil and economic rights are respected and enhanced; (4) the integration of the developing countries into an open and equitable international economic system; and (5) the promotion of good governance through combating corruption and improving transparency and accountability. The Congress declares that pursuit of these goals requires that development concerns be fully reflected in United States foreign policy and that United States development resources be effectively and efficiently utilized. (b) Coordination of development-related activities Under the policy guidance of the Secretary of State, the agency primarily responsible for administering subchapter I of this chapter should have the responsibility for coordinating all United States development-related activities. Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section and in section 503(b) [set out as an Effective Date of 1979 Amendment note under section 2385a of this title ] this Act [see Short Title of 1979 Amendments note below] shall take effect on October 1, 1979 . Sections 114(b) [not classified to the Code], 123 [amending a provision set out as a note below], 501 [not classified to the Code], and 509 [set out as a note below] of this Act shall take effect on the date of enactment of this Act [ Aug. 14, 1979 ].” Reorganization Plan Numbered 7 of 1953 [formerly set out as a note under section 1785 of this title ]. the Mutual Security Act of 1954, as amended [section 1750 et seq. of this title] (except sections 402, 405(a), 405(c), 405(d), 408, 414, 417, 451(c), 502(a), 502(b), 514, 523(d), and 536 [sections 1922, 1925(a), 1925(c), 1925(d), 1928, 1934, 1937, 1951(c), 1754(a), (b), 1766, 1783(d) and 1796 of this title]); section 12 of the Mutual Security Act of 1955 [formerly set out as a note under section 1811 of this title ]; sections 12, 13, and 14 of the Mutual Security Act of 1956 [ section 1870 of this title and notes formerly set out under sections 1753 and 1939 of this title]; section 503 of the Mutual Security Act of 1958 [ section 1750a of this title ]; section 108 of the Mutual Security Appropriation Act, 1959 [formerly set out as a note under section 1922 of this title ]; section 501(a), chapter VI, and sections 702 and 703 of the Mutual Security Act of 1959, as amended [sections 1941, and 2051 to 2053 of this title and notes formerly set out under sections 1928b and 1951 of this title]; and section 604 and chapter VII of the Mutual Security Act of 1960 [sections 2071 and 2072 of this title and note formerly set out under section 1783 of this title ]. References in law to the Acts, or provisions of such Acts, repealed by subsection (a) of this section shall hereafter be deemed to be references to this Act [see Short Title note for the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 above] or appropriate provisions of this Act. The repeal of the Acts listed in subsection (a) of this section shall not be deemed to affect amendments contained in such Acts to Acts not named in that subsection.” “This subtitle may be cited as the ‘Western Hemisphere Partnership Act’. encouraging stronger economic relations, respect for property rights, the rule of law, and enforceable investment rules and labor and environmental standards; advancing the principles and practices expressed in the Charter of the Organization of American States, the American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man, and the Inter-American Democratic Charter; and enhancing the capacity and technical capabilities of democratic partner nation government institutions, including civilian law enforcement, the judiciary, attorneys general, and security forces. enhance the institutional capacity and technical capabilities of defense and security institutions in democratic partner nations to conduct national or regional security missions, including through regular bilateral and multilateral engagements, foreign military sales and financing, international military education and training programs, expanding the National Guard State Partnership Programs, training on civil and political rights, and other means; provide technical assistance and material support (including, as appropriate, radars, vessels, and communications equipment) to relevant security forces to disrupt, degrade, and dismantle organizations involved in the illicit trafficking of narcotics and precursor chemicals, transnational criminal activities, illicit mining, and illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing, and other illicit activities, including in Haiti and countries included in the Caribbean Basin Security Initiative; strengthen the rule of law and transparent governance; combat corruption and kleptocracy in the region; and improve regional cooperation to disrupt, degrade, and dismantle transnational organized criminal networks and terrorist organizations, including through training, anticorruption initiatives, anti-money laundering programs, and strengthening cyber capabilities and resources; enhance port management and maritime security partnerships and airport management and aviation security partnerships to disrupt, degrade, and dismantle transnational criminal networks and facilitate the legitimate flow of people, goods, and services; strengthen cooperation to improve border security across the Western Hemisphere, dismantle human smuggling and trafficking networks, and increase cooperation to demonstrably strengthen migration management systems; counter the malign influence of state and non-state actors and disinformation campaigns; disrupt illicit domestic and transnational financial networks; supporting regional preparedness, recovery, and emergency management centers to facilitate rapid response to survey and help maintain planning on regional disaster anticipated needs and possible resources; training disaster recovery officials on latest techniques and lessons learned from United States experiences; making available, preparing, and transferring on-hand nonlethal supplies, and providing training on the use of such supplies, for humanitarian or health purposes to respond to unforeseen emergencies; and conducting medical support operations and medical humanitarian missions, such as hospital ship deployments and base-operating services, to the extent required by the operation; improved cooperation with and research by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention through regional pandemic response centers; personnel exchanges for technology transfer and skills development; and surveying and mapping of health networks to build local health capacity; promote women’s economic security and the meaningful participation of women across all political processes, including conflict prevention and conflict resolution and post-conflict relief and recovery efforts; promote the economic, social and political advancement of indigenous communities, afro-descendants, and other marginalized communities; and hold accountable actors that violate political and civil rights. Operational technologies transferred pursuant to subsection (a) to partner governments for intelligence, defense, or law enforcement purposes shall be used solely for the purposes for which the technology was intended. The United States shall take steps to ensure that the use of such operational technologies is consistent with United States law, including protections of freedom of expression, freedom of movement, and freedom of association. Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [ Dec. 23, 2024 ], the Secretary of State, in coordination with the heads of other relevant Federal agencies, shall submit to the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives a 5-year strategy to promote security and the rule of law in the Western Hemisphere in accordance to this section. A detailed assessment of the resources required to carry out such collaborative efforts. Annual benchmarks to track progress and obstacles in undertaking such collaborative efforts. A public diplomacy component to engage the people of the Western Hemisphere with the purpose of demonstrating that the security of their countries is enhanced to a greater extent through alignment with the United States and democratic values rather than with authoritarian countries such as the People’s Republic of China, the Russian Federation, and the Islamic Republic of Iran. Not later than 1 year after submission of the strategy required under paragraph (1), and annually thereafter, the Secretary of State shall provide to the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives a briefing on the implementation of the strategy. to open market access on a national treatment, nondiscriminatory basis; and to strengthen the cybersecurity and cyber resilience of partner countries; advance the provision of digital government services (e-government) that, to the greatest extent possible, promote transparency, lower business costs, and expand citizens’ access to public services and public information; and promote the inclusion of components and architectures in information and communications technology (ICT) supply chains from participants in initiatives that adhere to high-quality security and reliability standards; share best practices to mitigate cyber threats to critical infrastructure from ICT architectures from foreign countries of concern as defined in section 10612(a)(1) of the Research and Development, Competition, and Innovation Act ( 42 U.S.C. 19221(a)(1) ), foreign entities of concern as defined in section 10612(a)(2) of the Research and Development, Competition, and Innovation Act ( 42 U.S.C. 19221(a)(2) ), and by technology providers that supply equipment and services covered under section 2 of the Secure and Trusted Communications Networks Act of 2019 ( 47 U.S.C. 1601 ); effectively respond to cybersecurity threats, including state-sponsored threats; and to [sic] strengthen resilience against cyberattacks and cybercrime. reducing trade and nontariff barriers between the countries in the region, establishing a mechanism for pursuing Mutual Recognition Agreements and Formalized Regulatory Cooperation Agreements in priority sectors of the economy; building relationships and exchanges between relevant regulatory bodies in the United States and democratic partners in the Western Hemisphere to promote best practices and transparency in rulemaking, implementation, and enforcement, and provide training and assistance to help improve supply chain management in the Western Hemisphere; establishing regional fora for identifying, raising, and addressing supply chain management issues, including infrastructure needs and strengthening of investment rules and regulatory frameworks; establishing a dedicated program of trade missions and reverse trade missions to increase commercial contacts and ties between the United States and Western Hemisphere partner countries; and strengthening labor and environmental standards in the region; establish frameworks or mechanisms to review and address the long-term financial sustainability and national security implications of foreign investments in strategic sectors or services; establish competitive and transparent infrastructure project selection and procurement processes that promote transparency, open competition, financial sustainability, and robust adherence to global standards and norms; advance robust and comprehensive energy production and integration, including through a more open, transparent, and competitive environment for United States companies competing in the Western Hemisphere; and explore opportunities to partner with the private sector and multilateral institutions, such as the World Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank, to promote universal access to reliable and affordable electricity in the Western Hemisphere. strengthen the capacity of national electoral institutions to ensure free, fair, and transparent electoral processes, including through pre-election assessment missions, technical assistance, and independent local and international election monitoring and observation missions; enhance the capabilities of democratically elected national legislatures, parliamentary bodies, and autonomous regulatory institutions to conduct oversight; strengthen the capacity of subnational government institutions to govern in a transparent, accountable, and democratic manner, including through training and technical assistance; combat corruption at local and national levels, including through trainings, cooperation agreements, initiatives aimed at dismantling corrupt networks, and political support for bilateral or multilateral anticorruption mechanisms that strengthen attorneys general and prosecutors’ offices; strengthen the capacity of civil society to conduct oversight of government institutions, build the capacity of independent professional journalism, facilitate substantive dialogue with government and the private sector to generate issue-based policies, and mobilize local resources to carry out such activities; promote the meaningful and significant participation of women in democratic processes, including in national and subnational government and civil society; and support the creation of procedures for the Organization of American States (OAS) to create an annual forum for democratically elected national legislatures from OAS member States to discuss issues of hemispheric importance, as expressed in section 4 of the Organization of American States Legislative Engagement Act of 2020 ( Public Law 116–343 ) [ 22 U.S.C. 290q note]. “It is the sense of Congress that it is critically important that both the President and the Senate play their respective roles to nominate and confirm qualified ambassadors as quickly as possible. “In this subtitle, the term ‘Western Hemisphere’ does not include Cuba, Nicaragua, or Venezuela.” relocating and resettling eligible Afghan allies and facilitating the departure of United States citizens and lawful permanent residents who request United States assistance to leave Afghanistan; and working with other offices of the Department [of State], as well as with appropriate counterparts at other Federal departments and agencies, to ensure integrated United States support for such relocation efforts. to enter into personal services contracts for a period ending not later than the date described in subsection (e); to extend and maintain through such date personal services contracts entered into pursuant to the authority provided by section 2401 of the Afghanistan Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2022 ( Public Law 117–43 ) [ 135 Stat. 375 ]; to hire temporary personnel who are United States citizens, except that to the extent possible the Coordinator should use Foreign Service limited appointments to fill such positions both in the United States and abroad in accordance with section 309 of the Foreign Service Act of 1980 ( 22 U.S.C. 3949 ); and to accept, in the form of reimbursement or transfer, amounts from other Federal departments or agencies as appropriate to carry out the duties described in subsection (a); and to reimburse such other departments or agencies as the Coordinator may determine appropriate to carry out such duties. Any Federal Government employee may be detailed or assigned to the Office of the Coordinator, with or without reimbursement, consistent with applicable laws and regulations regarding such employee, and such detail or assignment shall be without interruption or loss of status or privilege. The Coordinator shall notify the appropriate congressional committees [Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives] and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives of each use of the transfer authority made available under subsection (b)(4)(A) not later than 15 days before the completion of such transfer. This section and the authorities provided by this section shall terminate on the date that is 3 years after the date of the enactment of this Act [ Dec. 23, 2024 ].” “This subtitle may be cited as the ‘United States-Ecuador Partnership Act of 2022’. the United States should take additional steps to strengthen its bilateral partnership with Ecuador, including by providing for robust trade and investment, increasing law enforcement cooperation, renewing the activities of the United States Agency for International Development in Ecuador, and supporting Ecuador’s response to and recovery from the COVID–19 pandemic, as necessary and appropriate; and strengthening the United States-Ecuador partnership presents an opportunity to advance core United States national security interests and work with other democratic partners to maintain a prosperous, politically stable, and democratic Western Hemisphere that is resilient to malign foreign influence. promoting cooperation and information sharing to encourage awareness of and increase trade and investment opportunities between the United States and Ecuador; supporting efforts by the Government of Ecuador to promote a more open, transparent, and competitive business environment, including by lowering trade barriers, implementing policies to reduce trading times, and improving efficiencies to expedite customs operations for importers and exporters of all sizes, in all sectors, and at all ports of entry in Ecuador; establishing frameworks or mechanisms to review the long term financial sustainability and security implications of foreign investments in Ecuador in strategic sectors or services; establishing competitive and transparent infrastructure project selection and procurement processes in Ecuador that promote transparency, open competition, financial sustainability, and robust adherence to global standards and norms; developing programs to help the Government of Ecuador improve efficiency and transparency in customs administration, including through support for the Government of Ecuador’s ongoing efforts to digitize its customs process and accept electronic documents required for the import, export, and transit of goods under specific international standards, as well as related training to expedite customs, security, efficiency, and competitiveness; the provision of digitized government services with the greatest potential to improve transparency, lower business costs, and expand citizens’ access to public services and public information; and best practices to mitigate the risks to digital infrastructure by doing business with communication networks and communications supply chains with equipment and services from companies with close ties to or susceptible to pressure from governments or security services without reliable legal checks on governmental powers; and identifying, as appropriate, a role for the United States International Development Finance Corporation, the Millennium Challenge Corporation, the United States Agency for International Development, and the United States private sector in supporting efforts to increase private sector investment and strengthen economic prosperity. facilitating increased access to public and private financing, equity investments, grants, and market analysis for small and medium-sized businesses; providing technical assistance to local governments to formulate and enact local development plans that invest in Indigenous and Afro-Ecuadorian communities; connecting rural agricultural networks, including Indigenous and Afro-Ecuadorian agricultural networks, to consumers in urban centers and export markets, including through infrastructure construction and maintenance programs that are subject to audits and carefully designed to minimize potential environmental harm; partnering with local governments, the private sector, and local civil society organizations, including organizations representing marginalized communities and faith-based organizations, to provide skills training and investment in support of initiatives that provide economically viable, legal alternatives to participating in illegal economies; and connecting small scale fishing enterprises to consumers and export markets, in order to reduce vulnerability to organized criminal networks. providing technical assistance and material support (including, as appropriate, radars, vessels, and communications equipment) to vetted specialized units of Ecuador’s national police and the armed services to disrupt, degrade, and dismantle organizations involved in illicit narcotics trafficking, transnational criminal activities, illicit mining, and illegal, unregulated, and unreported fishing, among other illicit activities; providing technical assistance to address challenges related to Ecuador’s penitentiary and corrections system; strengthening the regulatory framework of mining through collaboration with key Ecuadorian institutions, such as the Interior Ministry’s Special Commission for the Control of Illegal Mining and the National Police’s Investigative Unit on Mining Crimes, and providing technical assistance in support of their law enforcement activities; providing technical assistance to judges, prosecutors, and ombudsmen to increase capacity to enforce laws against human smuggling and trafficking, illicit mining, illegal logging, illegal, unregulated, and unreported (IUU) fishing, and other illicit economic activities; providing support to the Government of Ecuador to prevent illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing, including through expanding detection and response capabilities, and the use of dark vessel tracing technology; supporting multilateral efforts to stem illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing with neighboring countries in South America and within the South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation; assisting the Government of Ecuador’s efforts to protect defenders of internationally recognized human rights, including through the work of the Office of the Ombudsman of Ecuador, and by encouraging the inclusion of Indigenous and Afro-Ecuadorian communities and civil society organizations in this process; supporting efforts to improve transparency, uphold accountability, and build capacity within the Office of the Comptroller General; enhancing the institutional capacity and technical capabilities of defense and security institutions of Ecuador to conduct national or regional security missions, including through regular bilateral and multilateral cooperation, foreign military financing, international military education, and training programs, consistent with applicable Ecuadorian laws and regulations; enhancing port management and maritime security partnerships to disrupt, degrade, and dismantle transnational criminal networks and facilitate the legitimate flow of people, goods, and services; and to effectively respond to cybersecurity threats, including state-sponsored threats; to share best practices to combat such threats; to help develop and implement information architectures that respect individual privacy rights and reduce the risk that data collected through such systems will be exploited by malign state and non-state actors; to strengthen resilience against cyberattacks; and to strengthen the resilience of critical infrastructure. measures to improve the capacity of national and subnational government institutions to govern through transparent, inclusive, and democratic processes; efforts that measurably enhance the capacity of political actors and parties to strengthen democratic institutions and the rule of law; initiatives to strengthen democratic governance, including combating political, administrative, and judicial corruption and improving transparency of the administration of public budgets; and to conduct oversight of the Government of Ecuador and the National Assembly of Ecuador; to promote initiatives that strengthen democratic governance, anti-corruption standards, and public and private sector transparency; and to foster political engagement between the Government of Ecuador, including the National Assembly of Ecuador, and all parts of Ecuadorian society, including women, indigenous communities, and Afro-Ecuadorian communities. members and committee offices of the National Assembly of Ecuador, including the Ethics Committee and Audit Committee; assist in the creation of entities that can offer comprehensive and independent research and analysis on legislative and oversight matters pending before the National Assembly, including budgetary and economic issues; and improve democratic governance and government transparency, including through effective legislation. To the degree practicable, in implementing the programs required under subsection (b), the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development should facilitate meetings and collaboration between members of the United States Congress and the National Assembly of Ecuador. providing technical assistance to Ecuador’s Ministry of the Environment to safeguard national parks and protected forests and protected species, while promoting the participation of Indigenous communities in this process; strengthening the capacity of communities to access the right to prior consultation, encoded in Article 57 of the Constitution of Ecuador and related laws, executive decrees, administrative acts, and ministerial regulations; supporting Indigenous and Afro-Ecuadorian communities as they raise awareness of threats to biodiverse ancestral lands, including through support for local media in such communities and technical assistance to monitor illicit activities; partnering with the Government of Ecuador in support of reforestation and improving river, lake, and coastal water quality; providing assistance to communities affected by illegal mining and deforestation; and establishing regional preparedness, recovery, and emergency management centers to facilitate rapid response to survey and help maintain planning on regional disaster anticipated needs and possible resources; and training disaster recovery officials on latest techniques and lessons learned from United States experiences. ensure protections for the Galápagos Marine Reserve; deter illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing; and increase interdiction of narcotics trafficking and other forms of illicit trafficking. The President shall conduct a joint assessment with the Government of Ecuador to ensure sufficient capacity exists to maintain Island class cutters. Upon completion of a favorable assessment, the President is authorized to transfer up to two ISLAND class cutters to the Government of Ecuador as excess defense articles pursuant to the authority of section 516 of the Foreign Assistance Act [of 1961] ( 22 U.S.C. 2321j ). The value of a vessel transferred to another country on a grant basis pursuant to authority provided by subsection (b) shall not be counted against the aggregate value of excess defense articles transferred in any fiscal year under section 516 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 ( 22 U.S.C. 2321j ). Any expense incurred by the United States in connection with a transfer authorized by this section shall be charged to the recipient notwithstanding section 516(e) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 ( 22 U.S.C. 2321j(e) ). To the maximum extent practicable, the President shall require, as a condition of the transfer of a vessel under this section, that the recipient to which the vessel is transferred have such repair or refurbishment of the vessel as is needed, before the vessel joins the naval forces of that recipient, performed at a shipyard located in the United States. The authority to transfer a vessel under this section shall expire at the end of the 3-year period beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act [ Dec. 23, 2022 ]. not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, submit to the appropriate congressional committees a comprehensive strategy to address the requirements described in sections 5543, 5545, and 5546(a); and not later than 2 years and 4 years after submitting the comprehensive strategy under paragraph (1), submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report describing the implementation of the strategy. not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, submit to appropriate congressional committees a comprehensive strategy to address the requirements described in sections 5544, 5546(b) and 5547; and not later than 2 years and 4 years after submitting the comprehensive strategy under paragraph (1), submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report describing the implementation of the strategy. The strategies and reports required under subsections (a) and (b) may be submitted to the appropriate congressional committees as joint strategies and reports. In this subtitle, the term ‘appropriate congressional committees’ means the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives. “This subtitle shall terminate on the date that is 5 years after the date of the enactment of this Act.” continue to support Niger’s efforts to advance democracy, good governance, human rights, and regional security within its borders through bilateral assistance and multilateral initiatives; enhance engagement and cooperation with the Nigerien Government at all levels as a key component of stabilizing the Sahel, where frequent coups and other anti-democratic movements, food insecurity, violent extremism, and armed conflict threaten to further weaken governments throughout the region; and work closely with partners and allies throughout the international community to elevate Niger, which experienced its first democratic transition of power in 2021, as an example of transitioning from longstanding military governance and a cycle of coups to a democratic, civilian-led form of government.” recognizes Haitian independence, self-reliance, and sovereignty; promotes efforts that are led by and support the people and Government of Haiti at all levels so that Haitians lead the course of reconstruction and development of Haiti; contributes to international efforts to facilitate conditions for broad, inclusive, and sustained political dialogue among the different actors in Haiti to restore democratic legitimacy and institutions in Haiti; builds the long-term capacity of the Government of Haiti, civil society, and the private sector to foster economic opportunities in Haiti; fosters collaboration between the Haitian diaspora in the United States, including dual citizens of Haiti and the United States, and the Government of Haiti and the business community in Haiti; supports anticorruption efforts, promotes press freedom, and addresses human rights concerns, including through the enforcement of sanctions imposed in accordance with the Global Magnitsky Human Rights Accountability Act (subtitle F of title XII of Public Law 114–328 ; 22 U.S.C. 2656 note [now 22 U.S.C. 10101 et seq.]) on individuals implicated in human rights violations and corruption; respects and helps restore the natural resources of Haiti and strengthens community-level resilience to environmental and weather-related impacts; promotes political stability through the holding of free, fair, transparent, and timely elections in accordance with democratic principles and the Constitution of Haiti; provides timely and comprehensive reporting on the goals and progress of the Government of Haiti and the United States Government, and transparent post-program evaluations and contracting data; and promotes the participation of Haitian women and youth in governmental and nongovernmental institutions and in economic development and governance assistance programs funded by the United States. the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate; and the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives. Fostering strong relationships with independent civil society groups focused on monitoring corruption and human rights abuses and promoting democracy in Haiti. Supporting the efforts of the Government of Haiti to identify persons involved in human rights violations and significant acts of corruption in Haiti, including public and private sector actors, and hold them accountable for their actions. Addressing concerns of impunity for the alleged perpetrators of and the individuals who organized and planned the massacre in La Saline that took place on November 13, 2018 . Urging authorities to continue to investigate attacks in the neighborhoods of La Saline and Bel Air in 2018 and 2019 that left dozens dead in order to bring the perpetrators to justice. Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [ Mar. 15, 2022 ], the Secretary shall brief the appropriate congressional committees on the events that took place on November 13, 2018 , in the neighborhood of La Saline, in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, and the aftermath of those events. An examination of any links between the massacre in La Saline and mass protests that occurred concurrently in Haiti. An analysis of the reports on the massacre in La Saline authored by the United Nations, the European Union, and the Government of Haiti. A detailed description of all known perpetrators of and the individuals who organized and planned the massacre. An overview of efforts of the Government of Haiti to bring the perpetrators of and the individuals who organized and planned the massacre in La Saline to justice and to prevent other similar attacks. An assessment of the ensuing treatment and displacement of the survivors of the massacre in La Saline. In carrying out paragraph (1), the Secretary shall consult with nongovernmental organizations in Haiti and the United States. Advocating to Haitian authorities for increased protection for journalists and the press and for the freedom to peacefully assemble or protest in Haiti. Collaborating with officials of the Government of Haiti and representatives of civil society to increase legal protections for journalists in Haiti. Supporting efforts to strengthen transparency in the public and private sectors in Haiti and access to information in Haiti. Using United States foreign assistance for programs to strengthen capacity for independent journalists and increase support for investigative journalism in Haiti. Collaborating with the Government of Haiti on a detailed and transparent development plan that includes clear objectives and benchmarks. Building the capacity of Haitian-led public, private, and nongovernmental sector institutions in Haiti through post-earthquake and post-hurricane recovery and development planning. Assessing the impact of the recovery efforts of the United States and the international community in Haiti since January 2010. Supporting disaster resilience and reconstruction efforts. Addressing the underlying causes of poverty and inequality. health resources; public health technical assistance; and clean water, food, and shelter. Assessing the impact of the COVID–19 pandemic on post-disaster recovery efforts and evaluating United States support needed to help with the pandemic response in Haiti. the export of additional United States-produced COVID–19 vaccine doses to Haiti; and the safe storage, transport, and end-to-end distribution of United States-produced COVID–19 vaccines throughout Haiti, in light of ongoing humanitarian access challenges presented by Haiti’s security environment. “This division shall terminate on December 31, 2025 .” “This division may be cited as the [‘]Trans-Sahara Counterterrorism Partnership Program Act of 2022[’]. terrorist and violent extremist organizations, such as Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, Boko Haram, the Islamic State of West Africa, and other affiliated groups, have killed tens of thousands of innocent civilians, displaced populations, destabilized local and national governments, and caused mass human suffering in the affected communities; poor governance, political and economic marginalization, and lack of accountability for human rights abuses by security forces are drivers of extremism; to combat the spread of terrorism and violent extremism; and to build the capacity of partner countries to combat such threats in Africa; terrorist and violent extremist organizations exploit vulnerable and marginalized communities suffering from poverty, lack of economic opportunity (particularly among youth populations), corruption, and weak governance; and to address the security challenges in the Sahel-Maghreb; to appropriately allocate resources and de-conflict programs; and to maximize the effectiveness of United States defense, diplomatic, and development capabilities. “It is the policy of the United States to assist countries in North Africa and West Africa, and other allies and partners that are active in those regions, in combating terrorism and violent extremism through a coordinated, interagency approach with a consistent strategy that appropriately balances security activities with diplomatic and development efforts to address the political, socioeconomic, governance, and development challenges in North Africa and West Africa that contribute to terrorism and violent extremism. the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate; the Committee on Armed Services of the Senate; the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate; the Select Committee on Intelligence of the Senate; the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives; the Committee on Armed Services of the House of Representatives; the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives; and the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence of the House of Representatives. to improve governance and the capacities of countries in North Africa and West Africa to deliver basic services, particularly to at-risk communities, as a means of countering terrorism and violent extremism by enhancing state legitimacy and authority and countering corruption; supporting strategies that increase youth employment opportunities; promoting girls’ education and women’s political participation; strengthening local governance and civil society capacity; improving government transparency and accountability; fighting corruption; improving access to economic opportunities; and other development activities necessary to support community resilience; to strengthen the rule of law in such countries, including by enhancing the capability of the judicial institutions to independently, transparently, and credibly deter, investigate, and prosecute acts of terrorism and violent extremism; to detect, disrupt, respond to, and prosecute violent extremist and terrorist activity, while respecting human rights; and to cooperate with the United States and other partner countries on counterterrorism and counter-extremism efforts; to enhance the border security capacity of partner countries, including the ability to monitor, detain, and interdict terrorists; to identify, monitor, disrupt, and counter the human capital and financing pipelines of terrorism; or to support the free expression and operations of independent, local-language media, particularly in rural areas, while countering the media operations and recruitment propaganda of terrorist and violent extremist organizations. determines that there is an adequate level of partner country commitment; and has considered partner country needs, absorptive capacity, sustainment capacity, and efforts of other donors in the sector; have clearly defined outcomes; be closely coordinated among relevant participating departments and agencies; have specific plans with robust indicators to regularly monitor and evaluate outcomes and impact; complement and enhance efforts to promote democratic governance, the rule of law, human rights, and economic growth; in the case of train and equip programs, complement longer-term security sector institution-building; and have mechanisms in place to track resources and routinely monitor and evaluate the efficacy of relevant programs. the foreign country and entity, as applicable, whose capabilities are to be enhanced in accordance with the purposes described in paragraph (1); the amount, type, and purpose of support to be provided; the absorptive capacity of the foreign country to effectively implement the assistance to be provided; the extent to which state security forces of the foreign country have been implicated in gross violations of human rights and the risk that obligated funds may be used to perpetrate further abuses; the anticipated implementation timeline for the activity; and the plans to sustain any military or security equipment provided beyond the completion date of such activity, if applicable, and the estimated cost and source of funds to support such sustainment. The requirement under paragraph (1) does not apply to activities conducted by the Department of Defense pursuant to title 10, United States Code. shall take into account partner country counterterrorism, counter-extremism, and development strategies; shall be aligned with such strategies, to the extent practicable; and shall be coordinated with counterterrorism and counter-extremism activities and programs in the areas of defense, diplomacy, and development carried out by other like-minded donors and international organizations in the relevant country. Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [ Mar. 15, 2022 ], the President and other relevant Federal Government agencies, shall submit the strategies described in paragraphs (2) and (3) to the appropriate congressional committees. efforts to ensure coordination with multilateral and bilateral partners, such as the Joint Force of the Group of Five of the Sahel, and with other relevant assistance frameworks; a public diplomacy strategy and actions to ensure that populations in the Sahel-Maghreb are aware of the development activities of the United States Government, especially in countries with a significant United States Government presence or engagement through train and equip programs; activities aimed at supporting democratic institutions and countering violent extremism with measurable goals and transparent benchmarks; plans to help each partner country address humanitarian and development needs and to help prevent, respond to, and mitigate intercommunal violence; a comprehensive plan to support security sector reform in each partner country that includes a detailed section on programs and activities being undertaken by relevant stakeholders and other international actors operating in the sector; and a specific strategy for Mali that includes plans for sustained, high-level diplomatic engagement with stakeholders, including countries in Europe and the Middle East with interests in the Sahel-Maghreb, regional governments, relevant multilateral organizations, signatory groups of the Agreement for Peace and Reconciliation in Mali, done in Algiers July 24, 2014 , and civil society actors. to build military and civilian law enforcement capacity; to strengthen the rule of law; to promote responsive and accountable governance; and to address the root causes of terrorism and violent extremism; a plan for coordinating programs through the Program pursuant to subsection (b)(1), including identifying the agency or bureau of the Department of State, as applicable, that will be responsible for leading and coordinating each such program; a plan to monitor, evaluate, and share data and learning about the Program in accordance with monitoring and evaluation provisions under sections 3 and 4 of the Foreign Aid Transparency and Accountability Act of 2016 ( 22 U.S.C. 2394c note and 2394c); and a plan for ensuring coordination and compliance with related requirements in United States law, including the Global Fragility Act of 2019 ( 22 U.S.C. 9801 et seq.). Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary of State shall consult with the appropriate congressional committees regarding the progress made towards developing the strategies required under paragraphs (2) and (3). The Secretary of State shall include a description of the requirements, activities, and planned allocation of amounts requested by the Program in the budget materials submitted to Congress in support of the President’s annual budget request pursuant to section 1105 of title 31 , United States Code, for each fiscal year beginning after the date of the enactment of this Act [ Mar. 15, 2022 ] and annually thereafter for the following 5 years. The requirement under paragraph (1) shall not apply to activities of the Department of Defense conducted pursuant to authorities under title 10, United States Code. the progress made in meeting the objectives of the strategies required under paragraphs (2) and (3) of subsection (d), including any lessons learned in carrying out Program activities and any recommendations for improving such programs and activities; the efforts taken to coordinate, de-conflict, and streamline Program activities to maximize resource effectiveness; the extent to which each partner country has demonstrated the ability to absorb the equipment or training provided in the previous year under the Program, and as applicable, the ability to maintain and appropriately utilize such equipment; the extent to which each partner country is investing its own resources to advance the goals described in subsection (b)(1) or is demonstrating a commitment and willingness to cooperate with the United States to advance such goals; the actions taken by the government of each partner country receiving assistance under the Program to combat corruption, improve transparency and accountability, and promote other forms of democratic governance; the extent to which state security forces in each partner country have been implicated in gross violations of human rights during the reporting period, including how such gross violations of human rights have been addressed and or will be addressed through Program activities; the assistance provided in each of the 3 preceding fiscal years under the Program, broken down by partner country, including the type, statutory authorization, and purpose of assistance provided to the country; and any changes or updates to the Comprehensive 5-Year Strategy for the Program required under subsection (d)(3) necessitated by the findings in this annual report. which of the 13 recommendations in AUD–MERO–20–42 have not been closed; a description of progress made since the last report toward closing each recommendation identified under paragraph (1); additional resources needed, including assessment of staffing capacity, if any, to complete action required to close each recommendation identified under paragraph (1); and the anticipated timeline for completion of action required to close each recommendation identified under paragraph (1), including application of all recommendations into all existing security assistance programs managed by the Department of State under the Program. identifies potential waste, fraud, abuse, inefficiencies, or deficiencies; and The strategies required under paragraphs (2) and (3) of subsection (d) and the report required under subsection (f) shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may include a classified annex. “Nothing in this division may be construed as authorizing the use of military force.” the United States should help foster cooperation in the Middle East region by financing and, as appropriate, cooperating in projects related to innovation and advanced technologies; and contribute to development and the quality of life in the Middle East region through the application of research and advanced technology; and contribute to Arab-Israeli cooperation by establishing strong working relationships that last beyond the life of such projects. The Secretary of State, acting through the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, is authorized to seek to establish a program between the United States and appropriate regional partners to provide for cooperation in the Middle East region by supporting projects related to innovation and advanced technologies. shall include the participation of at least one entity from Israel and one entity from another regional partner; and shall be conducted in a manner that appropriately protects sensitive information, intellectual property, the national security interests of the United States, and the national security interests of Israel.” to continue to support and further efforts to bring an end to the conflict in Yemen; to support efforts so that United States defense articles and services are not used for military operations resulting in civilian casualties; and to work with allies and partners to address the ongoing humanitarian needs of Yemeni civilians.” to protect United States citizens and strategic interests in the Middle East region; to support United Nations-led efforts to end violence in Yemen and secure a comprehensive political settlement to the conflict in Yemen that results in protection of civilians and civilian infrastructure and alleviates the humanitarian crisis including by facilitating unfettered access for all Yemenis to food, fuel, and medicine; to encourage all parties to the conflict in Yemen to participate in good faith in the United Nations-led process and to uphold interim agreements as part of that process to end the conflict, leading to reconstruction in Yemen; to support United States allies and partners in defending their borders and territories in order to maintain stability and security in the Middle East region and encourage burden sharing among such allies and partners; to assist United States allies and partners in countering destabilization of the Middle East region; to oppose Iranian arms transfers in violation of United Nations Security Council resolutions, including transfers to the Houthis; to encourage the Government of Saudi Arabia and the Government of the United Arab Emirates to assist significantly in the economic stabilization and eventual reconstruction of Yemen; and to encourage all parties to the conflict to comply with the law of armed conflict, including to investigate credible allegations of war crimes and provide redress to civilian victims.” “This title may be cited as the ‘End Neglected Tropical Diseases Act’. “It is the policy of the United States to support a broad range of implementation and research and development activities that work toward the achievement of cost-effective and sustainable treatment, control, and, where possible, elimination of neglected tropical diseases for the economic and social well-being of all people. mean infections caused by pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and helminths that disproportionately impact individuals living in extreme poverty, especially in developing countries; and Buruli ulcer (Mycobacterium Ulcerans infection); Chagas disease; dengue or severe dengue fever; dracunculiasis (Guinea worm disease); echinococcosis; foodborne trematodiases; human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness); leishmaniasis; leprosy; lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis); onchocerciasis (river blindness); scabies; schistosomiasis; soil-transmitted helminthiases (STH) (roundworm, whipworm, and hookworm); taeniasis/cysticercosis; trachoma; and yaws (endemic treponematoses). provide integrated drug treatment packages to as many individuals suffering from NTDs or at risk of acquiring NTDs, including individuals displaced by manmade and natural disasters, as logistically feasible; better integrate NTD control and treatment tools and approaches into complementary development and global health programs by coordinating, to the extent practicable and appropriate, across multiple sectors, including those relating to HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis, education, nutrition, other infectious diseases, maternal and child health, and water, sanitation, and hygiene; establish low-cost, high-impact community- and school-based NTD programs to reach large at-risk populations, including school-age children, with integrated drug treatment packages, as feasible; as opportunities emerge and resources allow, engage in research and development of new tools and approaches to reach the goals relating to the elimination of NTDs as set forth by the 2012 World Health Organization publication ‘Accelerating Work to Overcome the Global Impact of Neglected Tropical Diseases: A Roadmap for Implementation’, including for Chagas disease, Guinea worm, human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), leprosy, and visceral leishmaniasis; and monitor research on and developments in the prevention and treatment of other NTDs so breakthroughs can be incorporated into the Neglected Tropical Diseases Program, as practicable and appropriate. Planning for and conducting robust monitoring and evaluation of program investments in order to accurately measure impact, identify and share lessons learned, and inform future NTD control and elimination strategies. Coordinating program activities with complementary development and global health programs of the United States Agency for International Development, including programs relating to water, sanitation, and hygiene, food and nutrition security, and education (both primary and secondary), in order to advance the goals of the London Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases (2012). Including morbidity management in treatment plans for high-burden NTDs. Incorporating NTDs included in the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 into the program as opportunities emerge, to the extent practicable and appropriate. Continuing investments in the research and development of new tools and approaches that complement existing research investments and ensure that new discoveries make it through the pipeline and become available to individuals who need them most. It is the sense of Congress that the Coordinator of United States Government Activities to Combat HIV/AIDS Globally should fully consider evolving research on the impact of NTDs on efforts to control HIV/AIDS when making future programming decisions, as necessary and appropriate. The Secretary of State should encourage the Global Fund to take into consideration evolving research on the impact of NTDs on efforts to control HIV/AIDS when making programming decisions, particularly with regard to female genital schistosomiasis, which studies suggest may be one of the most significant cofactors in the AIDS epidemic in Africa, as necessary and appropriate. In this subsection, the term ‘Global Fund’ means the public-private partnership known as the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria established pursuant to Article 80 of the Swiss Civil Code. The Secretary of State, acting through the Office of Global Health Diplomacy, should encourage G–20 countries to significantly increase their role in the control and elimination of NTDs. Congress finds that the treatment of NTDs, including community- and school-based deworming programs, can be a highly cost-effective intervention, and schools can serve as an effective delivery mechanism for reaching large numbers of children with safe treatment for soil-transmitted helminthiases (roundworm, whipworm, and hookworm) in particular. ensure the dissemination of best practices and programming on NTDs to governments and make data accessible to practitioners in an open and timely fashion; highlight impacts of community- and school-based deworming programs on children’s health and education, emphasizing the cost-effectiveness of such programs; encourage governments to implement deworming campaigns at the national level; consider the designation of a portion of grant funds of the institutions to deworming initiatives and cross-sectoral collaboration with water, sanitation, and hygiene efforts and nutrition or education programming, as practicable and appropriate; encourage accurate monitoring and evaluation of NTD programs, including deworming programs; and engage governments in cross-border initiatives for the treatment, control, prevention, and elimination of NTDs, and assist in developing transnational agreements, when and where necessary. “Nothing in this title may be construed to increase authorizations of appropriations for the United States Agency for International Development.” “This Act may be cited as the ‘United States–Caribbean Strategic Engagement Act of 2016’. enhance diplomatic relations between the United States and the Caribbean region; increase economic cooperation between the United States and the Caribbean region; support regional economic, political, and security integration efforts in the Caribbean region; encourage enduring economic development and increased regional economic diversification and global competitiveness; reduce levels of crime and violence, curb the trafficking of illicit drugs, strengthen the rule of law, and improve citizen security; improve energy security by increasing access to diverse, reliable, and affordable power; advance cooperation on democracy and human rights at multilateral fora; continue support for public health advances and cooperation on health concerns and threats to the Caribbean region; and expand Internet access throughout the region, especially to countries lacking the appropriate infrastructure. identifies Department of State and USAID priorities, in coordination with other executive branch agencies, for United States policy towards the Caribbean region; outlines an approach to partner with governments of the Caribbean region to improve citizen security, reduce the trafficking of illicit drugs, strengthen the rule of law, and improve the effectiveness and longevity of the Caribbean Basin Security Initiative; establishes a comprehensive, integrated, multi-year strategy to encourage efforts of the Caribbean region to implement regional and national strategies that improve energy security, by increasing access to all available sources of energy, including by taking advantage of the indigenous energy sources of the Caribbean and the ongoing energy revolution in the United States; outlines an approach to improve diplomatic engagement with the governments of the Caribbean region, including with respect to human rights and democracy; Describes [sic] how the United States can develop an approach to supporting Caribbean countries in efforts they are willing to undertake with their own resources to diversify their economies; describes ways to ensure the active participation of citizens of the Caribbean in existing program[s] and initiatives administered by the Department of State’s Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs; and reflects the input of other executive branch agencies, as appropriate. “The Secretary of State shall offer to the appropriate congressional committees annual briefings that review Department of State efforts to implement the strategy for United States engagement with the Caribbean region in accordance with section 3. “Not later than 2 years after the submission of the strategy required under section 3, the President shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report on progress made toward implementing the strategy. The term ‘appropriate congressional committees’ means the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate. The term ‘Caribbean region’ means the Caribbean Basin Security Initiative beneficiary countries. The term ‘security assistance’ has the meaning given such term in section 502B(d)(2) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 ( 22 U.S.C. 2304(d)(2) ).” To the Government of Jordan for purposes of supporting and enhancing efforts of the armed forces of Jordan to increase security and sustain increased security along the border of Jordan with Syria and Iraq. To the Government of Lebanon for purposes of supporting and enhancing efforts of the armed forces of Lebanon to increase security and sustain increased security along the border of Lebanon with any other country. To the Government of Egypt for purposes of supporting and enhancing efforts of the armed forces of Egypt to increase security and sustain increased security along the border of Egypt with Libya and along the border of Egypt with Sudan. To the Government of Tunisia for purposes of supporting and enhancing efforts of the armed forces of Tunisia to increase security and sustain increased security along the border of Tunisia with Libya. To the Government of Oman for purposes of supporting and enhancing efforts of the armed forces of Oman to increase security and sustain increased security along the border of Oman with Yemen. To the Government of Pakistan for purposes of supporting and enhancing efforts of the armed forces of Pakistan to increase security and sustain increased security along the border of Pakistan with Afghanistan. To the Government of Tajikistan for purposes of supporting and enhancing efforts of the armed forces of Tajikistan to increase security and sustain increased security along the border of Tajikistan and Afghanistan. To the Government of Uzbekistan for purposes of supporting and enhancing efforts of the armed forces of Uzbekistan to increase security and sustain increased security along the border of Uzbekistan and Afghanistan. To the Government of Turkmenistan for purposes of supporting and enhancing efforts of the armed forces of Turkmenistan to increase security and sustain increased security along the border of Turkmenistan and Afghanistan. Support may be provided under this subsection on a quarterly basis. Amounts to provide support under the authority of subsection (a) may be derived only from amounts authorized to be appropriated and available for operation and maintenance, Defense-wide. The total amount of support provided under the authority of subsection (a) may not exceed $150,000,000 for any country specified in subsection (a) in any fiscal year. Support provided under the authority of subsection (a) to the Government of Lebanon may be used only for the armed forces of Lebanon, and may not be used for or to reimburse Hezbollah or any forces other than the armed forces of Lebanon. Such support may be used only to promote the ability of the armed forces of Lebanon to counter the threat posed by Lebanese Hezbollah and any other terrorist organization that threatens the security of Lebanon and its neighbors. The Secretary of Defense may not enter into any contractual obligation to provide support under the authority of subsection (a). The Secretary of Defense may not provide support to a country specified in subsection (a) if the Secretary determines that the government of such country fails to increase security and sustain increased security along the border of the country as specified in subsection (a)(1). the purpose of such support; the amount of support to be provided; and the anticipated duration of the provision of such support; and the recipient country has taken demonstrable steps to increase security along the border specified for such country in subsection (a); and the provision of such support is in the interest of United States national security. The military and security operations of Pakistan pertaining to border security and ancillary activities for which reimbursement is sought have been coordinated with United States military representatives in advance of the execution of such operations and activities. The goals and desired outcomes of each such operation or activity have been established and agreed upon in advance by the United States and Pakistan. A process exists to verify the achievement of the goals and desired outcomes established in accordance with paragraph (2). an identification of each country reimbursed; the date of each reimbursement; a description of any partner nation border security efforts for which reimbursement was provided; an assessment of the value of partner nation border security efforts for which reimbursement was provided; the total amounts of reimbursement provided to each partner nation in the preceding four fiscal quarters; and such other matters as the Secretary considers appropriate. the congressional defense committees; and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives. No support may be provided under the authority of subsection (a) after December 31, 2026 .” Consultation, education, and training on human rights, the laws of armed conflict, civilian control of the military, rule of law, and other legal matters. Consultation, education, and training on English-language, humanitarian and disaster relief, and improvements to medical and health standards. Courses or workshops on defense institution reform. Observer status to bilateral or multilateral humanitarian assistance and disaster relief exercises. Aid or support in the event of a humanitarian crisis or natural disaster. Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [ Dec. 19, 2014 ], and each March 1 thereafter, the Secretary of Defense shall, in consultation with the Secretary of State, submit to the appropriate committees of Congress a report on military-to-military engagement between the United States Armed Forces and the Burmese military. A description of the military-to-military activities between the United States and Burma, and how engagement with the Burmese military supports the United States national security strategy and promotes reform in Burma. A description of the objectives of the United States for developing the military-to-military relationship with the Burmese military, how the United States measures progress toward such objectives, and the implications of failing to achieve such objectives. individual freedoms and human rights of the Burmese people, including those of ethnic and religious minorities and internally displaced populations; the peaceful settlement of armed conflicts between the Government of Burma and ethnic minority groups in Burma; civilian control of the armed forces; constitutional and electoral reforms; access for the purposes of human rights monitoring and humanitarian assistance to all areas in Burma, and cooperation with civilian authorities to investigate and resolve cases of human rights violations; governmental transparency and accountability; and respect for the laws of armed conflict and human rights, including with respect to child soldiers. A description and assessment of relationships of the Government of Burma with unlawful or sanctioned entities. Each report under this subsection shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may include a classified annex. The requirement to submit additional reports under this subsection shall terminate at the end of the 5-year period beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act [ Dec. 19, 2014 ]. No Department of Defense assistance to the Government of Burma is authorized by this Act [ Pub. L. 113–291 , see Tables for classification] except as provided in this section. the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on Foreign Relations, and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate; and the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on Foreign Affairs, and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives.” Not later than six months after the date of the enactment of this Act [ Jan. 2, 2013 ], the Secretary of State and the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development shall, in consultation with the Chief Acquisition Officer of the Department of State and the Chief Acquisition Officer of the United States Agency for International Development, respectively, each submit to the appropriate committees of Congress an assessment of Department of State and United States Agency for International Development policies governing contract support in overseas contingency operations. A description and assessment of the roles and responsibilities of the officials, offices, and components of the Department of State or the United States Agency for International Development, as applicable, within the chain of authority and responsibility for policy, planning, and execution of contract support for overseas contingency operations. Collection, inventory, and reporting of data. Acquisition planning. Solicitation and award of contracts. Requirements development and management. Contract tracking and oversight. Performance evaluations. Risk management. Interagency coordination and transition planning. Strategies and improvements necessary for the Department or the Agency, as applicable, to address reliance on contractors, workforce planning, and the recruitment and training of acquisition workforce personnel, including the anticipated number of personnel needed to perform acquisition management and oversight functions and plans for achieving personnel staffing goals, in connection with overseas contingency operations. Not later than one year after the date of the enactment of this Act [ Jan. 2, 2013 ], the Comptroller General of the United States shall submit to the appropriate committees of Congress a report on the progress of the efforts of the Department of State and the United States Agency for International Development in implementing improvements and changes identified under paragraphs (1) through (3) of subsection (b) in the reports required by subsection (a), together with such additional information as the Comptroller General considers appropriate to further inform such committees on issues relating to the reports required by subsection (a). the Committee on Foreign Relations, the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate; and the Committee on Foreign Affairs, the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform [now Committee on Oversight and Accountability], and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives.” “This Act may be cited as the ‘Lord’s Resistance Army Disarmament and Northern Uganda Recovery Act of 2009’. For over 2 decades, the Government of Uganda engaged in an armed conflict with the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) in northern Uganda that led to the internal displacement of more than 2,000,000 Ugandans from their homes. The members of the Lord’s Resistance Army used brutal tactics in northern Uganda, including mutilating, abducting and forcing individuals into sexual servitude and forcing a large number of children and youth in Uganda, estimated by the Survey for War Affected Youth to be over 66,000, to fight as part of the rebel force. The Secretary of State has placed the Lord’s Resistance Army on the Terrorist Exclusion list pursuant to section 212(a)(3) of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(3) ), and LRA leader Joseph Kony has been designated a ‘specially designated global terrorist’ pursuant to Executive Order 13224 [listed in a table under section 1701 of Title 50 , War and National Defense]. In late 2005, according to the United Nations Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, the Lord’s Resistance Army shifted their primary base of operations from southern Sudan to northeastern Democratic Republic of Congo, and the rebels have since withdrawn from northern Uganda. Representatives of the Government of Uganda and the Lord’s Resistance Army began peace negotiations in 2006, mediated by the Government of Southern Sudan in Juba, Sudan, and signed the Cessation of Hostilities Agreement on August 20, 2006 , which provided for hundreds of thousands of internally displaced people to return home in safety. After nearly 2 years of negotiations, representatives from the parties reached the Final Peace Agreement in April 2008, but Joseph Kony, the leader of the Lord’s Resistance Army, refused to sign the Final Peace Agreement in May 2008 and his forces launched new attacks in northeastern Congo. According to the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Relief and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, the new activity of the Lord’s Resistance Army in northeastern Congo and southern Sudan since September 2008 has led to the abduction of at least 1,500 civilians, including hundreds of children, and the displacement of more than 540,000 people. In December 2008, the military forces of Uganda, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and southern Sudan launched a joint operation against the Lord’s Resistance Army’s bases in northeastern Congo, but the operation failed to apprehend Joseph Kony, and his forces retaliated with a series of new attacks and massacres in Congo and southern Sudan, killing an estimated 900 people in 2 months alone. Despite the refusal of Joseph Kony to sign the Final Peace Agreement, the Government of Uganda has committed to continue reconstruction plans for northern Uganda, and to implement those mechanisms of the Final Peace Agreement not conditional on the compliance of the Lord’s Resistance Army. Since 2008, recovery efforts in northern Uganda have moved forward with the financial support of the United States and other donors, but have been hampered by a lack of strategic coordination, logistical delays, and limited leadership from the Government of Uganda. providing political, economic, military, and intelligence support for viable multilateral efforts to protect civilians from the Lord’s Resistance Army, to apprehend or remove Joseph Kony and his top commanders from the battlefield in the continued absence of a negotiated solution, and to disarm and demobilize the remaining Lord’s Resistance Army fighters; targeting assistance to respond to the humanitarian needs of populations in northeastern Congo, southern Sudan, and Central African Republic currently affected by the activity of the Lord’s Resistance Army; and further supporting and encouraging efforts of the Government of Uganda and civil society to promote comprehensive reconstruction, transitional justice, and reconciliation in northern Uganda as affirmed in the Northern Uganda Crisis Response Act of 2004 ( Public Law 108–283 ) and subsequent resolutions, including Senate Resolution 366, 109th Congress, agreed to February 2, 2006 , Senate Resolution 573, 109th Congress, agreed to September 19, 2006 , Senate Concurrent Resolution 16, 110th Congress, agreed to in the Senate March 1, 2007 , and House Concurrent Resolution 80, 110th Congress, agreed to in the House of Representatives June 18, 2007 . Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [ May 24, 2010 ], the President shall develop and submit to the appropriate committees of Congress a strategy to guide future United States support across the region for viable multilateral efforts to mitigate and eliminate the threat to civilians and regional stability posed by the Lord’s Resistance Army. A plan to help strengthen efforts by the United Nations and regional governments to protect civilians from attacks by the Lord’s Resistance Army while supporting the development of institutions in affected areas that can help to maintain the rule of law and prevent conflict in the long term. An assessment of viable options through which the United States, working with regional governments, could help develop and support multilateral efforts to eliminate the threat posed by the Lord’s Resistance Army. An interagency framework to plan, coordinate, and review diplomatic, economic, intelligence, and military elements of United States policy across the region regarding the Lord’s Resistance Army. A description of the type and form of diplomatic engagement across the region undertaken to coordinate and implement United States policy regarding the Lord’s Resistance Army and to work multilaterally with regional mechanisms, including the Tripartite Plus Commission and the Great Lakes Pact. A description of how this engagement will fit within the context of broader efforts and policy objectives in the Great Lakes Region. The strategy under this section shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may include a classified annex. “In accordance with section 491 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 ( 22 U.S.C. 2292 ) and section 2 of the Migration and Refugee Assistance Act of 1962 ( 22 U.S.C. 2601 ), the President is authorized to provide additional assistance to the Democratic Republic of Congo, southern Sudan, and Central African Republic to respond to the humanitarian needs of populations directly affected by the activity of the Lord’s Resistance Army. to assist internally displaced people in transition and returnees to secure durable solutions by spurring economic revitalization, supporting livelihoods, helping to alleviate poverty, and advancing access to basic services at return sites, specifically clean water, health care, and schools; to enhance the accountability and administrative competency of local governance institutions and public agencies in northern Uganda with regard to budget management, provision of public goods and services, and related oversight functions; to strengthen the operational capacity of the civilian police in northern Uganda to enhance public safety, prevent crime, and deal sensitively with gender-based violence, while strengthening accountability measures to prevent corruption and abuses; to rebuild and improve the capacity of the justice system in northern Uganda, including the courts and penal systems, with particular sensitivity to the needs and rights of women and children; to establish mechanisms for the disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration of former combatants and those abducted by the LRA, including vocational education and employment opportunities, with attention given to the roles and needs of men, women and children; and to promote programs to address psychosocial trauma, particularly post-traumatic stress disorder. finalizing the establishment of mechanisms within the Office of the Prime Minister to sufficiently manage and coordinate the programs under the framework of the Peace Recovery and Development Plan for Northern Uganda (PRDP); increasing oversight activities and reporting, at the local and national level in Uganda, to ensure funds under the Peace Recovery and Development Plan for Northern Uganda framework are used efficiently and with minimal waste; and committing substantial funds of its own, above and beyond standard budget allocations to local governments, to the task of implementing the Peace Recovery and Development Plan for Northern Uganda such that communities affected by the war can recover. The United States should work with other donor nations to increase contributions for recovery efforts in northern Uganda and better leverage those contributions to enhance the capacity and encourage the leadership of the Government of Uganda in promoting transparent and accountable reconstruction in northern Uganda. It is the sense of Congress that the Secretary of State should withhold non-humanitarian bilateral assistance to the Republic of Uganda if the Secretary determines that the Government of Uganda is not committed to reconstruction and reconciliation in the war-affected areas of northern Uganda and is not taking proactive steps to ensure this process moves forward in a transparent and accountable manner. It is the sense of Congress that, despite reconstruction and development efforts, a continued failure to take meaningful steps toward national reconciliation and accountability risks perpetuating longstanding political grievances and fueling new conflicts. a body to investigate the history of the conflict, inquire into human rights violations committed during the conflict by all sides, promote truth-telling in communities, and encourage the preservation of the memory of events and victims of the conflict through memorials, archives, commemorations, and other forms of preservation; a special division of the High Court of Uganda to try individuals alleged to have committed serious crimes during the conflict, and a special unit to carry out investigations and prosecutions in support of trials; a system for making reparations to victims of the conflict; and a review and strategy for supporting transitional justice mechanisms in affected areas to promote reconciliation and encourage individuals to take personal responsibility for their conduct during the war. Not later than 1 year after the submission of the strategy required under section 4, the Secretary of State shall prepare and submit to the appropriate committees of Congress a report on the progress made toward the implementation of the strategy required under section 4 and a description and evaluation of the assistance provided under this Act toward the policy objectives described in section 3. a description and evaluation of actions taken toward the implementation of the strategy required under section 4; a description of assistance provided under sections 5, 6, and 7; an evaluation of bilateral assistance provided to the Republic of Uganda and associated programs in light of stated policy objectives; a description of the status of the Peace Recovery and Development Plan for Northern Uganda and the progress of the Government of Uganda in fulfilling the steps outlined in section 6(b); and a description of amounts of assistance committed, and amounts provided, to northern Uganda during the reporting period by the Government of Uganda and each donor country. The report under this section shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may include a classified annex. of the total amounts to be appropriated for fiscal year 2011 for the Department of State and foreign operations, up to $10,000,000 should be used to carry out activities under section 5; and of the total amounts to be appropriated for fiscal year 2011 through 2013 for the Department of State and foreign operations, up to $10,000,000 in each such fiscal year should be used to carry out activities under section 7. The term ‘appropriate committees of Congress’ means the Committee on Appropriations and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Appropriations and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives. The term ‘Great Lakes Region’ means the region comprising Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, southern Sudan, and Uganda. The term ‘LRA-affected areas’ means those portions of northern Uganda, southern Sudan, northeastern Democratic Republic of Congo, and southeastern Central African Republic determined by the Secretary of State to be affected by the Lord’s Resistance Army as of the date of the enactment of this Act [ May 24, 2010 ].” supporting the operational and strategic goals of the Multi-National Force–Iraq; and developing the capacity of national, provincial, and local government and other civil institutions in Iraq to assume increasing responsibility for the formulation, implementation, and oversight of reconstruction and development activities. a mission statement and clearly defined objectives for United States-led PRTs as a whole; a mission statement and clearly defined objectives for each United States-led PRT; and measures of effectiveness and performance indicators for meeting the objectives of each United States-led PRT as described in paragraph (2). Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [ Oct. 14, 2008 ], and every 90 days thereafter through the end of fiscal year 2010, the President shall transmit to the appropriate congressional committees a report on the implementation of the strategy required under subsection (a), including an assessment of the specific contributions United States-led PRTs are making to implement the strategy. The initial report required under this subsection should include a general description of the strategy required under subsection (a) and a general discussion of the elements of the strategy required under subsection (b). The report required under this subsection may be included in the report required by section 1227 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2006 ( Public Law 109–163 ; 119 Stat. 3465 [ 50 U.S.C. 1541 note]). the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on Appropriations, and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives; and the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on Appropriations, and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate.” civil society; opportunities for political participation for all citizens; protections for internationally recognized human rights, including the rights of women; educational system reforms; independent media; policies that promote economic opportunities for citizens; the rule of law; and democratic processes of government. The Secretary of State is authorized to designate an appropriate private, nonprofit organization that is organized or incorporated under the laws of the United States or of a State as the Middle East Foundation (referred to in this section as the ‘Foundation’). The Secretary of State is authorized to provide funding to the Foundation through the Middle East Partnership Initiative of the Department of State. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Foundation shall use amounts provided under this paragraph to carry out the purposes specified in subsection (a), including through making grants, using such funds as an endowment, and providing other assistance to entities to carry out programs for such purposes. In determining the amount of funding to provide to the Foundation, the Secretary of State shall take into consideration the amount of funds that the Foundation has received from sources other than the United States Government. The Secretary of State shall notify the appropriate congressional committees of the designation of an appropriate organization as the Foundation. The Secretary of State shall enter into an agreement with the Foundation that requires the Foundation to use the funds provided under subsection (b)(2) to make grants to persons or entities (other than governments or government entities) located in the broader Middle East region or working with local partners based in the broader Middle East region to carry out projects that support the purposes specified in subsection (a). Under the agreement described in paragraph (1), the Foundation may make a grant to an institution of higher education located in the broader Middle East region to create a center for public policy for the purpose of permitting scholars and professionals from the countries of the broader Middle East region and from other countries, including the United States, to carry out research, training programs, and other activities to inform public policymaking in the broader Middle East region and to promote broad economic, social, and political reform for the people of the broader Middle East region. An entity seeking a grant from the Foundation under this section shall submit an application to the head of the Foundation at such time, in such manner, and containing such information as the head of the Foundation may reasonably require. make the Foundation an agency or establishment of the United States Government, or to make the officers or employees of the Foundation officers or employees of the United States for purposes of title 5, United States Code; or impose any restriction on the Foundation’s acceptance of funds from private and public sources in support of its activities consistent with the purposes specified in subsection (a). No part of the funds provided to the Foundation under this section shall inure to the benefit of any officer or employee of the Foundation, except as salary or reasonable compensation for services. The Foundation may hold funds provided under this section in interest-bearing accounts prior to the disbursement of such funds to carry out the purposes specified in subsection (a), and may retain for such purposes any interest earned without returning such interest to the Treasury of the United States. The Foundation may retain and use such funds as an endowment to carry out the purposes specified in subsection (a). The accounts of the Foundation shall be audited annually in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards by independent certified public accountants or independent licensed public accountants certified or licensed by a regulatory authority of a State or other political subdivision of the United States. The report of the independent audit shall be included in the annual report required by subsection (h). The financial transactions undertaken pursuant to this section by the Foundation may be audited by the Government Accountability Office in accordance with such principles and procedures and under such rules and regulations as may be prescribed by the Comptroller General of the United States. A recipient of a grant from the Foundation shall agree to permit an audit of the books and records of such recipient related to the use of the grant funds. separate accounts with respect to the grant funds; records that fully disclose the use of the grant funds; records describing the total cost of any project carried out using grant funds; and the amount and nature of any funds received from other sources that were combined with the grant funds to carry out a project. the operations and activities of the Foundation that were carried out using funds provided under this section; grants made by the Foundation to other entities with funds provided under this section; other activities of the Foundation to further the purposes specified in subsection (a); and the financial condition of the Foundation. In this section, the term ‘broader Middle East region’ means Afghanistan, Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, West Bank and Gaza, and Yemen. Section 534(k) of Public Law 109–102 [ 119 Stat. 2210 ] is repealed.” “This Act may be cited as the ‘Democratic Republic of the Congo Relief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act of 2006’. The National Security Strategy of the United States, dated September 17, 2002 , concludes that ‘[i]n Africa, promise and opportunity sit side-by-side with disease, war, and desperate poverty. This threatens both a core value of the United States preserving human dignity and our strategic priority combating global terror. American interests and American principles, therefore, lead in the same direction: we will work with others for an African continent that lives in liberty, peace, and growing prosperity.’. On February 16, 2005 , the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency testified, ‘In Africa, chronic instability will continue to hamper counterterrorism efforts and pose heavy humanitarian and peacekeeping burdens.’. According to the United States Agency for International Development, ‘Given its size, population, and resources, the Congo is an important player in Africa and of long-term interest to the United States.’. The Democratic Republic of the Congo is 2,345,410 square miles (approximately ¼ the size of the United States), lies at the heart of Africa, and touches every major region of sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, a secure, peaceful, and prosperous Democratic Republic of the Congo would have a profound impact on progress throughout Africa. The most recent war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which erupted in 1998, spawned some of the world’s worst human rights atrocities and drew in six neighboring countries. Despite the conclusion of a peace agreement and subsequent withdrawal of foreign forces in 2003, both the real and perceived presence of armed groups hostile to the Governments of Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi continue to serve as a major source of regional instability and an apparent pretext for continued interference in the Democratic Republic of the Congo by its neighbors. A mortality study completed in December 2004 by the International Rescue Committee found that 31,000 people were dying monthly and 3,800,000 people had died in the previous six years because of the conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and resulting disintegration of the social service infrastructure, making this one of the deadliest conflicts since World War II. In 2004, Amnesty International estimated that at least 40,000 women and girls were systematically raped and tortured in the Democratic Republic of the Congo since 1998, and nearly two-thirds of ongoing abuses against women and girls are perpetrated by members of the security forces, particularly the Forces Armes de la Republique Democratique du Congo (FARDC) and the Police Nationale Congolaise (PNC). According to the Department of State, ‘returning one of Africa’s largest countries [the Democratic Republic of the Congo] to full peace and stability will require significant United States investments in support of national elections, the reintegration of former combatants, the return and reintegration of refugees and [internally displaced persons], establishment of central government control over vast territories, and promotion of national reconciliation and good governance’. to help promote, reinvigorate, and support the political process in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in order to press all parties in the Transitional National Government and the succeeding government to implement fully and to institutionalize mechanisms, including national and international election observers, fair and transparent voter registration procedures, and a significant civic awareness and public education campaign created for the July 30, 2006 , elections and future elections in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to ensure that elections are carried out in a fair and democratic manner; to urge the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo to recognize and act upon its responsibilities to immediately bring discipline to its security forces, hold those individuals responsible for atrocities and other human rights violations, particularly the rape of women and girls as an act of war, accountable and bring such individuals to justice; to help ensure that, once a stable national government is established in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, it is committed to multiparty democracy, open and transparent governance, respect for human rights and religious freedom, ending the violence throughout the country, promoting peace and stability with its neighbors, rehabilitating the national judicial system and enhancing the rule of law, combating corruption, instituting economic reforms to promote development, and creating an environment to promote private investment; to assist the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo as it seeks to meet the basic needs of its citizens, including security, safety, and access to health care, education, food, shelter, and clean drinking water; to support security sector reform by assisting the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo to establish a viable and professional national army and police force that respects human rights and the rule of law, is under effective civilian control, and possesses a viable presence throughout the entire country, provided the Democratic Republic of the Congo meets all requirements for United States military assistance under existing law; to help expedite planning and implementation of programs associated with the disarmament, demobilization, repatriation, reintegration, and rehabilitation process in the Democratic Republic of the Congo; to support efforts of the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the United Nations Peacekeeping Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC), and other entities, as appropriate, to disarm, demobilize, and repatriate the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda and other illegally armed groups; is committed to responsible and transparent management of natural resources across the country; and to promote economic development; to hold accountable individuals who illegally exploit the country’s natural resources; and to implement the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative by enacting laws requiring disclosure and independent auditing of company payments and government receipts for natural resource extraction; to promote a viable civil society and to enhance nongovernmental organizations and institutions, including religious organizations, the media, political parties, trade unions, and trade and business associations, that can act as a stabilizing force and effective check on the government; to help rebuild and enhance infrastructure, communications, and other mechanisms that will increase the ability of the central government to manage internal affairs, encourage economic development, and facilitate relief efforts of humanitarian organizations; to help halt the high prevalence of sexual abuse and violence perpetrated against women and children in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and mitigate the detrimental effects from acts of this type of violence by undertaking a number of health, education, and psycho-social support programs; to work aggressively on a bilateral basis to urge governments of countries contributing troops to the United Nations Peacekeeping Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC) to enact and enforce laws on trafficking in persons and sexual abuse that meet international standards, promote codes of conduct for troops serving as part of United Nations peacekeeping missions, and immediately investigate and punish citizens who are responsible for abuses in the Democratic Republic of the Congo; protect internally displaced persons and refugees in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and border regions from all forms of violence, including gender-based violence and other human rights abuses; address other basic needs of vulnerable populations with the goal of allowing these conflict-affected individuals to ultimately return to their homes; and assess the magnitude of the problem of orphans from conflict and HIV/AIDS in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and work to establish a program of national support; to engage with governments working to promote peace and security throughout the Democratic Republic of the Congo and hold accountable individuals, entities, and countries working to destabilize the country; and to promote appropriate use of the forests of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in a manner that benefits the rural population in that country that depends on the forests for their livelihoods and protects national and environmental interests. Of the amounts made available to carry out the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 ( 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.), the Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954 [now Food for Peace Act] [ 7 U.S.C. 1691 et seq.] ( 68 Stat. 454 , chapter 469), and the Arms Export Control Act ( 22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.) for fiscal year 2006 and 2007, at least $52,000,000 for each such fiscal year should be allocated for bilateral assistance programs in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is the sense of Congress that the Department of State should submit budget requests in fiscal years 2008 and 2009 that contain increases in bilateral assistance for the Democratic Republic of the Congo that are appropriate if progress is being made, particularly cooperation by the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, toward accomplishing the policy objectives described in section 102. The United States should work with other donor nations, on a bilateral and multilateral basis, to increase international contributions to the Democratic Republic of the Congo and accomplish the policy objectives described in section 102. the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo must be committed to achieving the policy objectives described in section 102 if the efforts of the United States and other members of the international community are to be effective in bringing relief, security, and democracy to the country; the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo should immediately exercise control over and discipline its armed forces, stop the mass rapes at the hands of its armed forces, and hold those responsible for these acts accountable before an appropriate tribunal; the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, in collaboration with international aid agencies, should establish expert teams to assess the needs of the victims of rape and provide health, counseling, and social support services that such victims need; and the international community, through the United Nations peacekeeping mission, humanitarian and development relief, and other forms of assistance, is providing a substantial amount of funding that is giving the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo an opportunity to make progress towards accomplishing the policy objectives described in section 102, but this assistance cannot continue in perpetuity. It is the sense of Congress that the Secretary of State should withhold assistance otherwise available under this Act if the Secretary determines that the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo is not making sufficient progress towards accomplishing the policy objectives described in section 102. “The Secretary of State is authorized to withhold assistance made available under the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 ( 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.), other than humanitarian, peacekeeping, and counterterrorism assistance, for a foreign country if the Secretary determines that the government of the foreign country is taking actions to destabilize the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Not later than one year after the date of the enactment of this Act [ Dec. 22, 2006 ], the Comptroller General of the United States shall submit to Congress a report on the progress made toward accomplishing the policy objectives described in section 102. a description of any major impediments that prevent the accomplishment of the policy objectives described in section 102, including any destabilizing activities undertaken in the Democratic Republic of Congo by governments of neighboring countries; an evaluation of United States policies and foreign assistance programs designed to accomplish such policy objectives; and improving the policies and programs referred to in paragraph (2); and any additional bilateral or multilateral actions necessary to promote peace and prosperity in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. “Not later than 60 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [ Dec. 22, 2006 ], the President should appoint a Special Envoy for the Great Lakes Region to help coordinate efforts to resolve the instability and insecurity in Eastern Congo. to address exploitation at the United Nations Peacekeeping Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC) by continuing to urge, when credible allegations exist, appropriate investigation of alleged perpetrators and, as necessary, prosecution of United Nations personnel responsible for sexual abuses in the Democratic Republic of the Congo; to conclude at the earliest possible date a Memorandum of Understanding relating to binding codes of conduct and programs for the prevention of sexual abuse and trafficking in persons to be undertaken by the United Nations for all countries that contribute troops to MONUC, to include the assumption of personal liability for the provision of victims assistance and child support, as appropriate, by those who violate the codes of conduct; providing specific authority and obligation to prevent and effectively counter imminent threats; clarifying and strengthening MONUC’s rules of engagement to enhance the protection of vulnerable civilian populations; enhancing the surveillance and intelligence-gathering capabilities available to MONUC; where consistent with United States policy, making available personnel, communications, and military assets that improve the effectiveness of robust peacekeeping, mobility, and command and control capabilities of MONUC; and providing MONUC with the authority and resources needed to effectively monitor arms trafficking and natural resource exploitation at key border posts and airfields in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo; to encourage regular visits of the United Nations Security Council to monitor the situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo; to ensure that the practice of recruiting and arming children in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is immediately halted pursuant to Security Council Resolutions 1460 (2003) and 1539 (2004); to strengthen the arms embargo imposed pursuant to Security Council Resolution 1493 (2003) and ensure that violators are held accountable through appropriate measures, including the possible imposition of sanctions; to allow for the more effective protection and monitoring of natural resources in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, especially in the eastern part of the country, and for public disclosure and independent auditing of natural resource revenues to help ensure transparent and accountable management of these revenues; to press countries in the Congo region to help facilitate an end to the violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and promote relief, security, and democracy throughout the region; and to encourage the United Nations Secretary-General to become more involved in completing the policy objectives described in paragraphs (1) and (2) of section 102 and ensure that recent fighting in North Kivu, which displaced over 150,000 people, as well as fighting in Ituri and other areas, does not create widespread instability throughout the country. The President should instruct the United States permanent representative or executive director, as the case may be, to the United Nations voluntary agencies, including the World Food Program, the United Nations Development Program, and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, and other appropriate international organizations to use the voice and vote of the United States to support additional humanitarian and development assistance for the Democratic Republic of the Congo in order to accomplish the policy objectives described in section 102. If the Secretary of State determines that the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo is not making sufficient progress towards accomplishing the policy objectives described in section 102, the President shall consider withdrawing United States support for the assistance described in subsection (a) when future funding decisions are considered.” to support efforts by the people of Iran to exercise self-determination over the form of government of their country; and to support independent human rights and peaceful pro-democracy forces in Iran. Nothing in this Act [amending section 5318A of Title 31 , Money and Finance, and enacting and amending provisions set out as notes under section 1701 of Title 50 , War and National Defense] shall be construed as authorizing the use of force against Iran. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the President is authorized to provide financial and political assistance (including the award of grants) to foreign and domestic individuals, organizations, and entities working for the purpose of supporting and promoting democracy for Iran. Such assistance may include the award of grants to eligible independent pro-democracy radio and television broadcasting organizations that broadcast into Iran. In accordance with the rule of construction described in subsection (b) of section 301, none of the funds authorized under this section shall be used to support the use of force against Iran. officially opposes the use of violence and terrorism and has not been designated as a foreign terrorist organization under section 219 of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1189 ) at any time during the preceding four years; advocates the adherence by Iran to nonproliferation regimes for nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons and materiel; is dedicated to democratic values and supports the adoption of a democratic form of government in Iran; is dedicated to respect for human rights, including the fundamental equality of women; works to establish equality of opportunity for people; and supports freedom of the press, freedom of speech, freedom of association, and freedom of religion. funds available to the Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI), the Broader Middle East and North Africa Initiative, and the Human Rights and Democracy Fund; and amounts made available pursuant to the authorization of appropriations under subsection (g). Not later than 15 days before each obligation of assistance under this section, and in accordance with the procedures under section 634A of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 ( 22 U.S.C. 2394 –l), the President shall notify the Committee on International Relations [now Committee on Foreign Affairs] and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate. support for a transition to democracy in Iran should be expressed by United States representatives and officials in all appropriate international fora; strongly and unequivocally support indigenous efforts in Iran calling for free, transparent, and democratic elections; and draw international attention to violations by the Government of Iran of human rights, freedom of religion, freedom of assembly, and freedom of the press. The authority to provide assistance under this section shall expire on December 31, 2011 . There is authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of State such sums as may be necessary to carry out this section.” “This Act may be cited as the ‘Syria Accountability and Lebanese Sovereignty Restoration Act of 2003’. On June 24, 2002 , President Bush stated ‘Syria must choose the right side in the war on terror by closing terrorist camps and expelling terrorist organizations’. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373 ( September 28, 2001 ) mandates that all states ‘refrain from providing any form of support, active or passive, to entities or persons involved in terrorist acts’, take ‘the necessary steps to prevent the commission of terrorist acts’, and ‘deny safe haven to those who finance, plan, support, or commit terrorist acts’. The Government of Syria is currently prohibited by United States law from receiving United States assistance because it has repeatedly provided support for acts of international terrorism, as determined by the Secretary of State for purposes of [former] section 6(j)(1) of the Export Administration Act of 1979 (50 U.S.C. App. 2405(j)(1)) [former 50 U.S.C. 4605(j)(1) ] and other relevant provisions of law. Although the Department of State lists Syria as a state sponsor of terrorism and reports that Syria provides ‘safe haven and support to several terrorist groups’, fewer United States sanctions apply with respect to Syria than with respect to any other country that is listed as a state sponsor of terrorism. Terrorist groups, including Hizballah, Hamas, Palestinian Islamic Jihad, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine—General Command, maintain offices, training camps, and other facilities on Syrian territory, and operate in areas of Lebanon occupied by the Syrian armed forces and receive supplies from Iran through Syria. United Nations Security Council Resolution 520 ( September 17, 1982 ) calls for ‘strict respect of the sovereignty, territorial integrity, unity and political independence of Lebanon under the sole and exclusive authority of the Government of Lebanon through the Lebanese Army throughout Lebanon’. Approximately 20,000 Syrian troops and security personnel occupy much of the sovereign territory of Lebanon exerting undue influence upon its government and undermining its political independence. Since 1990 the Senate and House of Representatives have passed seven bills and resolutions which call for the withdrawal of Syrian armed forces from Lebanon. On March 3, 2003 , Secretary of State Colin Powell declared that it is the objective of the United States to ‘let Lebanon be ruled by the Lebanese people without the presence of [the Syrian] occupation army’. Large and increasing numbers of the Lebanese people from across the political spectrum in Lebanon have mounted peaceful and democratic calls for the withdrawal of the Syrian Army from Lebanese soil. Israel has withdrawn all of its armed forces from Lebanon in accordance with United Nations Security Council Resolution 425 ( March 19, 1978 ), as certified by the United Nations Secretary General. Even in the face of this United Nations certification that acknowledged Israel’s full compliance with Security Council Resolution 425, Syrian- and Iranian-supported Hizballah continues to attack Israeli outposts at Shebaa Farms, under the pretense that Shebaa Farms is territory from which Israel was required to withdraw by Security Counsel Resolution 425, and Syrian- and Iranian-supported Hizballah and other militant organizations continue to attack civilian targets in Israel. Syria will not allow Lebanon—a sovereign country—to fulfill its obligation in accordance with Security Council Resolution 425 to deploy its troops to southern Lebanon. As a result, the Israeli-Lebanese border and much of southern Lebanon is under the control of Hizballah, which continues to attack Israeli positions, allows Iranian Revolutionary Guards and other militant groups to operate freely in the area, and maintains thousands of rockets along Israel’s northern border, destabilizing the entire region. On February 12, 2003 , Director of Central Intelligence George Tenet stated the following with respect to the Syrian- and Iranian-supported Hizballah: ‘[A]s an organization with capability and worldwide presence [it] is [al Qaeda’s] equal if not a far more capable organization * * * [T]hey’re a notch above in many respects, in terms of in their relationship with the Iranians and the training they receive, [which] puts them in a state-sponsored category with a potential for lethality that’s quite great.’. In the State of the Union address on January 29, 2002 , President Bush declared that the United States will ‘work closely with our coalition to deny terrorists and their state sponsors the materials, technology, and expertise to make and deliver weapons of mass destruction’. The Government of Syria continues to develop and deploy short- and medium-range ballistic missiles. According to the December 2001 unclassified Central Intelligence Agency report entitled ‘Foreign Missile Developments and the Ballistic Missile Threat through 2015’, ‘Syria maintains a ballistic missile and rocket force of hundreds of FROG rockets, Scuds, and SS–21 SRBMs [and] Syria has developed [chemical weapons] warheads for its Scuds’. The Government of Syria is pursuing the development and production of biological and chemical weapons and has a nuclear research and development program that is cause for concern. According to the Central Intelligence Agency’s ‘Unclassified Report to Congress on the Acquisition of Technology Relating to Weapons of Mass Destruction and Advanced Conventional Munitions’, released January 7, 2003 : ‘[Syria] already holds a stockpile of the nerve agent sarin but apparently is trying to develop more toxic and persistent nerve agents. Syria remains dependent on foreign sources for key elements of its [chemical weapons] program, including precursor chemicals and key production equipment. It is highly probable that Syria also is developing an offensive [biological weapons] capability.’. On May 6, 2002 , the Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security, John Bolton, stated: ‘The United States also knows that Syria has long had a chemical warfare program. It has a stockpile of the nerve agent sarin and is engaged in research and development of the more toxic and persistent nerve agent VX. Syria, which has signed but not ratified the [Biological Weapons Convention], is pursuing the development of biological weapons and is able to produce at least small amounts of biological warfare agents.’. According to the Central Intelligence Agency’s ‘Unclassified Report to Congress on the Acquisition of Technology Relating to Weapons of Mass Destruction and Advanced Conventional Munitions’, released January 7, 2003 : ‘Russia and Syria have approved a draft cooperative program on cooperation on civil nuclear power. In principal, broader access to Russian expertise provides opportunities for Syria to expand its indigenous capabilities, should it decide to pursue nuclear weapons.’. Under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (21 UST 483), which entered force on March 5, 1970 , and to which Syria is a party, Syria has undertaken not to acquire or produce nuclear weapons and has accepted full scope safeguards of the International Atomic Energy Agency to detect diversions of nuclear materials from peaceful activities to the production of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices. Syria is not a party to the Chemical Weapons Convention or the Biological Weapons Convention, which entered into force on April 29, 1997 , and on March 26, 1975 , respectively. Syrian President Bashar Assad promised Secretary of State Powell in February 2001 to end violations of Security Council Resolution 661, which restricted the sale of oil and other commodities by Saddam Hussein’s regime, except to the extent authorized by other relevant resolutions, but this pledge was never fulfilled. Syria’s illegal imports and transshipments of Iraqi oil during Saddam Hussein’s regime earned Syria $50,000,000 or more per month as Syria continued to sell its own Syrian oil at market prices. Syria’s illegal imports and transshipments of Iraqi oil earned Saddam Hussein’s regime $2,000,000 per day. On March 28, 2003 , Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld warned: ‘[W]e have information that shipments of military supplies have been crossing the border from Syria into Iraq, including night-vision goggles * * * These deliveries pose a direct threat to the lives of coalition forces. We consider such trafficking as hostile acts, and will hold the Syrian government accountable for such shipments.’. According to Article 23(1) of the United Nations Charter, members of the United Nations are elected as nonpermanent members of the United Nations Security Council with ‘due regard being specially paid, in the first instance to the contribution of members of the United Nations to the maintenance of international peace and security and to other purposes of the Organization’. Despite Article 23(1) of the United Nations Charter, Syria was elected on October 8, 2001 , to a 2-year term as a nonpermanent member of the United Nations Security Council beginning January 1, 2002 , and served as President of the Security Council during June 2002 and August 2003. On March 31, 2003 , the Syrian Foreign Minister, Farouq al-Sharra, made the Syrian regime’s intentions clear when he explicitly stated that ‘Syria’s interest is to see the invaders defeated in Iraq’. On April 13, 2003 , Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld charged that ‘busloads’ of Syrian fighters entered Iraq with ‘hundreds of thousands of dollars’ and leaflets offering rewards for dead American soldiers. On September 16, 2003 , the Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security, John Bolton, appeared before the Subcommittee on the Middle East and Central Asia of the Committee on International Relations [now Committee on Foreign Affairs] of the House of Representatives, and underscored Syria’s ‘hostile actions’ toward coalition forces during Operation Iraqi Freedom. Under Secretary Bolton added that: ‘Syria allowed military equipment to flow into Iraq on the eve of and during the war. Syria permitted volunteers to pass into Iraq to attack and kill our service members during the war, and is still doing so * * * [Syria’s] behavior during Operation Iraqi Freedom underscores the importance of taking seriously reports and information on Syria’s WMD capabilities.’. During his appearance before the Committee on International Relations of the House of Representatives on September 25, 2003 , Ambassador L. Paul Bremer, III, Administrator of the Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq, stated that out of the 278 third-country nationals who were captured by coalition forces in Iraq, the ‘single largest group are Syrians’. the Government of Syria should immediately and unconditionally halt support for terrorism, permanently and openly declare its total renunciation of all forms of terrorism, and close all terrorist offices and facilities in Syria, including the offices of Hamas, Hizballah, Palestinian Islamic Jihad, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine—General Command; immediately and unconditionally stop facilitating transit from Syria to Iraq of individuals, military equipment, and all lethal items, except as authorized by the Coalition Provisional Authority or a representative, internationally recognized Iraqi government; cease its support for ‘volunteers’ and terrorists who are traveling from and through Syria into Iraq to launch attacks; and undertake concrete, verifiable steps to deter such behavior and control the use of territory under Syrian control; the Government of Syria should immediately declare its commitment to completely withdraw its armed forces, including military, paramilitary, and security forces, from Lebanon, and set a firm timetable for such withdrawal; the Government of Lebanon should deploy the Lebanese armed forces to all areas of Lebanon, including South Lebanon, in accordance with United Nations Security Council Resolution 520 ( September 17, 1982 ), in order to assert the sovereignty of the Lebanese state over all of its territory, and should evict all terrorist and foreign forces from southern Lebanon, including Hizballah and the Iranian Revolutionary Guards; the Government of Syria should halt the development and deployment of medium- and long-range surface-to-surface missiles and cease the development and production of biological and chemical weapons; the Governments of Lebanon and Syria should enter into serious unconditional bilateral negotiations with the Government of Israel in order to realize a full and permanent peace; the United States should continue to provide humanitarian and educational assistance to the people of Lebanon only through appropriate private, nongovernmental organizations and appropriate international organizations, until such time as the Government of Lebanon asserts sovereignty and control over all of its territory and borders and achieves full political independence, as called for in United Nations Security Council Resolution 520; and as a violator of several key United Nations Security Council resolutions and as a nation that pursues policies which undermine international peace and security, Syria should not have been permitted to join the United Nations Security Council or serve as the Security Council’s President, and should be removed from the Security Council. Syria should bear responsibility for attacks committed by Hizballah and other terrorist groups with offices, training camps, or other facilities in Syria, or bases in areas of Lebanon occupied by Syria; the United States will work to deny Syria the ability to support acts of international terrorism and efforts to develop or acquire weapons of mass destruction; the Secretary of State will continue to list Syria as a state sponsor of terrorism until Syria ends its support for terrorism, including its support of Hizballah and other terrorist groups in Lebanon and its hosting of terrorist groups in Damascus, and comes into full compliance with United States law relating to terrorism and United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373 ( September 28, 2001 ); the full restoration of Lebanon’s sovereignty, political independence, and territorial integrity is in the national security interest of the United States; Syria is in violation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 520 ( September 17, 1982 ) through its continued occupation of Lebanese territory and its encroachment upon Lebanon’s political independence; Syria’s obligation to withdraw from Lebanon is not conditioned upon progress in the Israeli-Syrian or Israeli-Lebanese peace process but derives from Syria’s obligation under Security Council Resolution 520; Syria’s acquisition of weapons of mass destruction and ballistic missile programs threaten the security of the Middle East and the national security interests of the United States; Syria will be held accountable for any harm to Coalition armed forces or to any United States citizen in Iraq if the government of Syria is found to be responsible due to its facilitation of terrorist activities and its shipments of military supplies to Iraq; and the United States will not provide any assistance to Syria and will oppose multilateral assistance for Syria until Syria ends all support for terrorism, withdraws its armed forces from Lebanon, and halts the development and deployment of weapons of mass destruction and medium- and long-range surface-to-surface ballistic missiles. the President shall prohibit the export to Syria of any item, including the issuance of a license for the export of any item, on the United States Munitions List or Commerce Control List of dual-use items in the Export Administration Regulations (15 CFR part 730 et seq.); and Prohibit the export of products of the United States (other than food and medicine) to Syria. Prohibit United States businesses from investing or operating in Syria. Restrict Syrian diplomats in Washington, D.C., and at the United Nations in New York City, to travel only within a 25-mile radius of Washington, D.C., or the United Nations headquarters building, respectively. Prohibit aircraft of any air carrier owned or controlled by Syria to take off from, land in, or overfly the United States. Reduce United States diplomatic contacts with Syria (other than those contacts required to protect United States interests or carry out the purposes of this Act). Block transactions in any property in which the Government of Syria has any interest, by any person, or with respect to any property, subject to the jurisdiction of the United States. The President may waive the application of subsection (a)(1), (a)(2), or both if the President determines that it is in the national security interest of the United States to do so and submits to the appropriate congressional committees a report containing the reasons for the determination. makes the determination that Syria meets the requirements described in paragraphs (1) through (4) of subsection (d) and certifies such determination to Congress in accordance with such subsection; determines that substantial progress has been made both in negotiations aimed at achieving a peace agreement between Israel and Syria and in negotiations aimed at achieving a peace agreement between Israel and Lebanon; and determines that the Government of Syria is strictly respecting the sovereignty, territorial integrity, unity, and political independence of Lebanon under the sole and exclusive authority of the Government of Lebanon through the Lebanese army throughout Lebanon, as required under paragraph (4) of United Nations Security Council Resolution 520 (1982), the Government of Syria has ceased providing support for international terrorist groups and does not allow terrorist groups, such as Hamas, Hizballah, Palestinian Islamic Jihad, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine—General Command to maintain facilities in territory under Syrian control; the Government of Syria ended its occupation of Lebanon described in section 2(7) of this Act; the Government of Syria has ceased the development and deployment of medium- and long-range surface-to-surface ballistic missiles, is not pursuing or engaged in the research, development, acquisition, production, transfer, or deployment of biological, chemical, or nuclear weapons, has provided credible assurances that such behavior will not be undertaken in the future, and has agreed to allow United Nations and other international observers to verify such actions and assurances; and the Government of Syria has ceased all support for, and facilitation of, all terrorist activities inside of Iraq, including preventing the use of territory under its control by any means whatsoever to support those engaged in terrorist activities inside of Iraq. Syria’s progress toward meeting the conditions described in paragraphs (1) through (4) of section 5(d); connections, if any, between individual terrorists and terrorist groups which maintain offices, training camps, or other facilities on Syrian territory, or operate in areas of Lebanon occupied by the Syrian armed forces, and terrorist attacks on the United States or its citizens, installations, or allies; and how the United States is increasing its efforts against Hizballah and other terrorist organizations supported by Syria. The report submitted under subsection (a) shall be in unclassified form but may include a classified annex. “In this Act, the term ‘appropriate congressional committees’ means the Committee on International Relations [now Committee on Foreign Affairs] of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate.” The use of all funds on a project-by-project basis for which funds appropriated under such heading were obligated prior to the submission of the report, including estimates by the CPA of the costs required to complete each project. The distribution of duties and responsibilities regarding such projects among the agencies of the United States Government. Revenues to the CPA attributable to or consisting of funds provided by foreign governments and international organizations, disaggregated by donor, any obligations or expenditures of such revenues, and the purpose of such obligations and expenditures. Revenues to the CPA attributable to or consisting of foreign assets seized or frozen, any obligations or expenditures of such revenues, and the purpose of such obligations and expenditures. Any proposed new projects and increases in funding of ongoing projects shall be reported to the Committees on Appropriations in accordance with regular notification procedures. The report required by subsection (a) shall be updated and submitted to the Committees on Appropriations every 3 months and shall include information on how the estimates and assumptions contained in previous reports have changed. The requirements of this section shall expire on October 1, 2007 . Any reference in this chapter [chapter 2 of title II of Pub. L. 108–106 , enacting section 7554 of this title , amending sections 7518 and 7532 of this title, and enacting this note and section 2215(a) of Pub. L. 108–106 , set out as a note below] to the ‘Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq’ or the ‘Coalition Provisional Authority’ shall be deemed to include any successor United States Government entity with the same or substantially the same authorities and responsibilities as the Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq.” Funds made available to carry out the provisions of chapter 1 of part I [ 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.] and chapter 4 of part II [ 22 U.S.C. 2346 et seq.] of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, may be used, notwithstanding section 660 of that Act [ 22 U.S.C. 2420 ], to enhance the effectiveness and accountability of civilian police authority in Jamaica and El Salvador through training and technical assistance in human rights, the rule of law, strategic planning, and through assistance to foster civilian police roles that support democratic governance including assistance for programs to prevent conflict and foster improved police relations with the communities they serve. The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development shall submit, at the time of submission of the agency’s Congressional Budget Justification Document for fiscal year 2004, and annually thereafter, a report to the Committees on Appropriations describing the progress these programs are making toward improving police relations with the communities they serve and institutionalizing an effective community-based police program. The requirements of paragraph (1) are in lieu of the requirements contains [sic] in section 587(b) of Public Law 107–115 [see Similar Provisions note below]. Assistance provided under subsection (a) shall be subject to the regular notification procedures of the Committees on Appropriations.” “This Act may be cited as the ‘Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic Recovery Act of 2001’. “It is the policy of the United States to support the people of Zimbabwe in their struggle to effect peaceful, democratic change, achieve broad-based and equitable economic growth, restore the rule of law, reconstruct and rebuild Zimbabwe, and come to terms with the past through a process of genuine reconciliation that acknowledges past human rights abuses and orders inquiries into disappearances, including the disappearance of human rights activists, such as Patrick Nabanyama, Itai Dzamara, and Paul Chizuze. The term ‘international financial institutions’ means the multilateral development banks and the International Monetary Fund. The term ‘multilateral development banks’ means the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the International Development Association, the International Finance Corporation, the Inter-American Development Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the Inter-American Investment Corporation, the African Development Bank, the African Development Fund, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and the Multilateral Investment Guaranty Agency. Through economic mismanagement, undemocratic practices, and the private appropriation of public assets, the Government of Zimbabwe has rendered itself ineligible to participate in International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and International Monetary Fund programs, which would otherwise be providing substantial resources to assist in the recovery and modernization of Zimbabwe’s economy. The people of Zimbabwe have thus been denied the economic and democratic benefits envisioned by the donors to such programs, including the United States. In September 1999 the IMF suspended its support under a ‘Stand By Arrangement’, approved the previous month, for economic adjustment and reform in Zimbabwe. In October 1999, the International Development Association (in this section referred to as the ‘IDA’) suspended all structural adjustment loans, credits, and guarantees to the Government of Zimbabwe. In May 2000, the IDA suspended all other new lending to the Government of Zimbabwe. In September 2000, the IDA suspended disbursement of funds for ongoing projects under previously-approved loans, credits, and guarantees to the Government of Zimbabwe. In October 2016, the Government of Zimbabwe cleared a small hurdle in its longstanding public sector arrears with the IMF. Upon receipt by the appropriate congressional committees of a certification described in subsection (d), the Secretary of the Treasury shall undertake a review of the feasibility of restructuring, rescheduling, or eliminating the sovereign debt of Zimbabwe held by any agency of the United States Government. direct the United States executive director of each multilateral development bank to support efforts to reevaluate plans to restructure, rebuild, reschedule, or eliminate Zimbabwe’s sovereign debt held by that bank and provide an analysis based on reasonable financial options to achieve those goals; and direct the United States executive director of each international financial institution to which the United States is a member to propose to undertake financial and technical support for Zimbabwe, especially support that is intended to promote Zimbabwe’s economic recovery and development, the stabilization of the Zimbabwean currency, and the viability of Zimbabwe’s democratic institutions. any extension by the respective institution of any loan, credit, or guarantee to the Government of Zimbabwe; or any cancellation or reduction of indebtedness owed by the Government of Zimbabwe to the United States or any international financial institution. The rule of law has been restored in Zimbabwe, including respect for ownership and title to property, freedom of speech and association, and an end to the lawlessness, violence, and intimidation sponsored, condoned, or tolerated by the Government of Zimbabwe, the ruling party, and their supporters or entities. Zimbabwe has held a presidential election that is widely accepted as free and fair by independent international monitors, and the president-elect is free to assume the duties of the office. In the event the certification is made before the presidential election takes place, the Government of Zimbabwe has sufficiently improved the pre-election environment to a degree consistent with accepted international standards for security and freedom of movement and association. The Government of Zimbabwe has demonstrated a commitment to an equitable, legal, and transparent land reform program. The Zimbabwean Armed Forces, the National Police of Zimbabwe, and other state security forces are responsible to and serve the elected civilian government. The President may waive the provisions of subsection (b)(1) or subsection (c), if the President determines that it is in the national interest of the United States to do so. support an independent and free press and electronic media in Zimbabwe; support equitable, legal, and transparent mechanisms of land reform in Zimbabwe; provide for democracy and governance programs in Zimbabwe; and identify and recover stolen public assets. $20,000,000 is authorized to be available to provide the assistance described in subsection (a)(2); and $6,000,000 is authorized to be available to provide the assistance described in subsection (a)(3). The authority in this section supersedes any other provision of law. identify and share information regarding individuals responsible for the deliberate breakdown of the rule of law, politically motivated violence, and intimidation in Zimbabwe; identify assets of those individuals held outside Zimbabwe; implement travel and economic sanctions against those individuals and their associates and families; and provide for the eventual removal or amendment of those sanctions.” the enactment of anti-slavery laws that provide appropriate punishment for violators of such laws; and the rigorous enforcement of such laws. The term ‘economic assistance’ means any assistance under part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 ( 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.), except that such term does not include humanitarian assistance. assistance under chapter 2 of part II of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 ( 22 U.S.C. 2311 et seq.; relating to military assistance), including the transfer of excess defense articles under sections 516 through 519 of that Act ( 22 U.S.C. 2321j through 2321m); assistance under chapter 5 of part II of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 ( 22 U.S.C. 2347 et seq.; relating to international military education and training); assistance under the ‘Foreign Military Financing Program’ under section 23 of the Arms Export Control Act ( 22 U.S.C. 2763 ); or the transfer of defense articles, defense services, or design and construction services under the Arms Export Control Act ( 22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.), including defense articles and defense services licensed or approved for export under section 38 of that Act ( 22 U.S.C. 2778 ).” “This Act may be cited as the ‘African Conflict Resolution Act’. would reduce the enormous human suffering which is caused by wars in Africa; would help the United States avoid huge future expenditures necessitated by Somalia-like humanitarian disasters; and would reduce the need for United Nations intervention as African institutions develop the ability to resolve African conflicts. Africa, to a greater extent than any other continent, is afflicted by war. Africa has been marred by more than 20 major civil wars since 1960. Rwanda, Somalia, Angola, Sudan, Liberia, and Burundi are among those countries that have recently suffered serious armed conflict. In the last decade alone, between 2,000,000 and 4,000,000 Africans have died because of war. There were 5,200,000 refugees and 13,100,000 displaced people in Africa in 1993. Millions more Africans are currently at risk of war-related death. Looming or ongoing conflicts in Zaire, Angola, Sudan, Rwanda, and other countries threaten Africa’s future. War has caused untold economic and social damage to the countries of Africa. Food production is impossible in conflict areas, and famine often results. Widespread conflict has condemned many of Africa’s children to lives of misery and, in certain cases, has threatened the existence of traditional African cultures. Conflict and instability in Africa, particularly in large, potentially rich countries such as Angola, Sudan, and Zaire, deprive the global economy of resources and opportunities for trade and investment. Peace in these countries could make a significant contribution to global economic growth, while creating new opportunities for United States businesses. Excessive military expenditures threaten political and economic stability in Africa while diverting scarce resources from development needs. Demobilization and other measures to reduce the size of African armies, and civilian control of the military under the rule of law are in the interest of international security and economic development. Conflict prevention, mediation, and demobilization are prerequisites to the success of development assistance programs. Nutrition and education programs, for example, cannot succeed in a nation at war. Billions of dollars of development assistance have been virtually wasted in war-ravaged countries such as Liberia, Somalia, and Sudan. Africans have a long tradition of informal mediation. This tradition should be built upon to create effective institutions through which Africans can resolve African conflicts. The effectiveness of U.S. support for conflict resolution programs requires coordination and collaboration with multilateral institutions and other bilateral donors. African institutions are playing an active role in conflict resolution and mediation utilizing the experience of elder statesmen. Groups such as the All African Council of Churches have assisted in defusing conflicts. The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) has sought to address the conflict in Liberia by deploying an African peacekeeping force. The Southern African states have been working to prevent a crisis in Lesotho. The Intergovernmental Authority on Desertification and Drought (IGADD) has been engaged in attempting to resolve the conflict in Sudan. The Organization of African Unity, under the leadership of Secretary General Salim Salim, has established a conflict resolution mechanism and has been active in mediation and conflict resolution in several African countries. The Congress declares, therefore, that a key goal for United States foreign policy should be to help institutionalize conflict resolution capability in Africa. Funds may be provided to the Organization of African Unity for use in supporting its conflict resolution capability, including providing technical assistance. Funds may be used for expenses of sending individuals with expertise in conflict resolution to work with the Organization of African Unity. Of the foreign assistance funds that are allocated for sub-Saharan Africa, not less than $1,500,000 for each of the fiscal years 1995 through 1998 should be used to carry out subsection (a). Funds may be provided to such organizations for use in supporting their conflict resolution capability, including providing technical assistance. Funds may be used for the expenses of sending individuals with expertise in conflict resolution to work with such organizations. Of the foreign assistance funds that are allocated for sub-Saharan Africa, such sums as may be necessary for each of the fiscal years 1995 through 1998 may be used to carry out subsection (a). The President is authorized to provide assistance to nongovernmental organizations that are engaged in mediation and reconciliation efforts in sub-Saharan Africa. Of the foreign assistance funds that are allocated for sub-Saharan Africa, such sums as may be necessary for each of the fiscal years 1995 and 1996 should be used to carry out subsection (a). provide assistance for the encampment and related activities for the purpose of demobilization of such forces; and provide assistance for the reintegration of demobilized military personnel into civilian society through activities such as retraining for civilian occupations, creation of income-generating opportunities, their reintegration into agricultural activities, and the transportation to the home areas of such personnel. Of the foreign assistance funds that are allocated for sub-Saharan Africa, $25,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 1995 and 1996 should be used for the assistance described in subsection (a), if conditions permit. The President is also authorized to promote civilian involvement in the planning and organization of demobilization and reintegration activities. The President is authorized to establish a program to provide education and training in conflict resolution and peacekeeping for civilian and military personnel of countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Of the funds made available under chapter 5 of part II of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [ 22 U.S.C. 2347 et seq.], such sums as may be necessary for each of the fiscal years 1995 and 1996 should be used for the purposes of subsection (a). Pursuant to the provisions of sections 3 through 7, the President should develop an integrated long-term plan, which incorporates local perspectives, to provide support for the enhancement of conflict resolution capabilities and demobilization activities in sub-Saharan Africa. The type, purpose, amount, and duration of assistance that is planned to be provided to conflict resolution units in sub-Saharan Africa. a list of which countries will receive such assistance and an explanation of why such countries were chosen for such assistance; and a list of other countries and international organizations that are providing assistance for such demobilization. The type and amount of assistance that is planned to be provided to nongovernmental organizations that are engaged in mediation and reconciliation efforts in sub-Saharan Africa. A description of proposed training programs for Africans in conflict resolution and peacekeeping under section 7, including a list of prospective participants and plans to expand such programs. The mechanisms to be used to coordinate interagency efforts to administer the plan. Efforts to seek the participation of other countries and international organizations to achieve the objectives of the plan. Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [ Oct. 19, 1994 ], the President shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report containing a description of the plan developed under this section. The President shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report describing the efforts and progress made in carrying out the provisions of this Act. The first report submitted under subsection (a) shall be submitted no later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [ Oct. 19, 1994 ], and shall be submitted annually thereafter. “The President shall consult with the appropriate congressional committees prior to providing assistance under sections 3 through 7. “For purposes of this Act, the term ‘appropriate congressional committees’ means the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate.” strongly supports the peace process for Liberia initiated by the Yamoussoukro peace accord; urges all parties to abide by the terms of the Yamoussoukro agreement; commends and congratulates the governments of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) for their leadership in seeking peace in Liberia; and nonpartisan election and democracy-building assistance to support democratic institutions in Liberia, and assistance for the resettlement of refugees, the demobilization and retraining of troops, and the provision of other appropriate assistance: The Overseas Private Investment Corporation [now the United States International Development Finance Corporation] shall continue to suspend the issuance of any new insurance, reinsurance, guarantees, financing, or other financial support with respect to the People’s Republic of China, unless the President makes a report under subsection (b)(1) or (2) of this section. The President shall suspend the obligation of funds under the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [see Short Title note above] for any new activities of the Trade and Development Agency with respect to the People’s Republic of China, unless the President makes a report under subsection (b)(1) or (2) of this section. The issuance of licenses under section 38 of the Arms Export Control Act [ 22 U.S.C. 2778 ] for the export to the People’s Republic of China of any defense article on the United States Munitions List, including helicopters and helicopter parts, shall continue to be suspended, subject to subparagraph (B), unless the President makes a report under subsection (b)(1) or (2) of this section. The suspension set forth in subparagraph (A) shall not apply to systems and components designed specifically for inclusion in civil products and controlled as defense articles only for purposes of export to a controlled country, unless the President determines that the intended recipient of such items is the military or security forces of the People’s Republic of China. The issuance of any license under [former] section 6(k) of the Export Administration Act of 1979 [former 50 U.S.C. 4605(k) ] for the export to the People’s Republic of China of any crime control or detection instruments or equipment shall be suspended, unless the President makes a report under subsection (b)(1) or (2) of this section. Exports of any satellite of United States origin that is intended for launch from a launch vehicle owned by the People’s Republic of China shall remain suspended, unless the President makes a report under subsection (b)(1) or (2) of this section. application for a license under the Export Administration Act of 1979 [ 50 U.S.C. 4601 et seq.] for the export to the People’s Republic of China for use in a nuclear production or utilization facility of any goods or technology which, as determined under section 309(c) of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act of 1978 [ 42 U.S.C. 2139a(c) ], could be of significance for nuclear explosive purposes, or which, in the judgment of the President, is likely to be diverted for use in such a facility, for any nuclear explosive device, or for research on or development of any nuclear explosive device, shall be suspended, application for a license for the export to the People’s Republic of China of any nuclear material, facilities, or components subject to the Agreement shall be suspended, approval for the transfer or retransfer to the People’s Republic of China of any nuclear material, facilities, or components subject to the Agreement shall not be given, and specific authorization for assistance in any activities with respect to the People’s Republic of China relating to the use of nuclear energy under section 57b.(2) of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 [ 42 U.S.C. 2077(b)(2) ] shall not be given, the President certifies to the Congress that the People’s Republic of China has provided clear and unequivocal assurances to the United States that it is not assisting and will not assist any nonnuclear-weapon state, either directly or indirectly, in acquiring nuclear explosive devices or the materials and components for such devices; the President makes the certifications and submits the report required by Public Law 99–183 [ Dec. 16, 1985 , 99 Stat. 1174 ]; and the President makes a report under subsection (b)(1) or (2) of this section. For purposes of this paragraph, the term ‘Agreement’ means the Agreement for Cooperation Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the People’s Republic of China Concerning Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy (done on July 23, 1985 ). the implementation of bulk licenses for exports to the People’s Republic of China; and the raising of the performance levels of goods or technology below which no authority or permission to export to the People’s Republic of China would be required. The President shall oppose any liberalization by the Coordinating Committee of controls which is described in subparagraph (A)(ii), until the end of the 6-month period beginning on the date of enactment of this Act [ Feb. 16, 1990 ] or until the President makes a report under subsection (b)(1) or (2) of this section, whichever occurs first. lifting of martial law; halting of executions and other reprisals against individuals for the nonviolent expression of their political beliefs; release of political prisoners; increased respect for internationally recognized human rights, including freedom of expression, the press, assembly, and association; and permitting a freer flow of information, including an end to the jamming of Voice of America and greater access for foreign journalists; or that it is in the national interest of the United States to terminate a suspension under subsection (a)(1), (2), (3), (4), or (5), to terminate a suspension or disapproval under subsection (a)(6), or to terminate the opposition required by subsection (a)(7), as the case may be. any steps taken by the Government of China to achieve the objectives described in subsection (b)(1); the effect of multilateral sanctions on political and economic developments in China and on China’s international economic relations; political and economic developments in China; the standard of living of the Chinese people; relations between the United States and China; and the actions taken by China to promote a settlement in Cambodia which will ensure Cambodian independence, facilitate an act of self-determination by the Cambodian people, and prevent the Khmer Rouge from returning to exclusive power; the status of programs and activities suspended under subsection (a); and the additional measures taken by the President under section 901(c) if repression in China deepens.” The United States in 1975 declared in a memorandum of agreement with Israel, and has reaffirmed since, that ‘The United States will continue to adhere to its present policy with respect to the Palestine Liberation Organization, whereby it will not recognize or negotiate with the Palestine Liberation Organization so long as the Palestine Liberation Organization does not recognize Israel’s right to exist and does not accept Security Council Resolutions 242 and 338.’. The United States hereby reaffirms that policy. In accordance with that policy, no officer or employee of the United States Government and no agent or other individual acting on behalf of the United States Government shall negotiate with the Palestine Liberation Organization or any representatives thereof (except in emergency or humanitarian situations) unless and until the Palestine Liberation Organization recognizes Israel’s right to exist, accepts United Nations Security Council Resolutions 242 and 338, and renounces the use of terrorism, except that no funds authorized to be appropriated by this or any other Act may be obligated or made available for the conduct of the current dialogue on the Middle East peace process with any representative of the Palestine Liberation Organization if the President knows and advises the Congress that that representative directly participated in the planning or execution of a particular terrorist activity which resulted in the death or kidnapping of a United States citizen.” the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives; and the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate; and includes, for purposes of subtitle D [subtitle D (§§ 2041–2043) of title XX of Pub. L. 110–53 , enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 2375, 2656, and 7511 of this title], the Committees on Armed Services of the House of Representatives and of the Senate.” The term ‘defense article’ has the meaning given the term in section 47(3) of the Arms Export Control Act ( 22 U.S.C. 2794 note [ 22 U.S.C. 2794 ]). The term ‘defense service’ has the meaning given the term in section 47(4) of the Arms Export Control Act ( 22 U.S.C. 2794 note [ 22 U.S.C. 2794 ]). The term ‘excess defense article’ has the meaning given the term in section 644(g) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 ( 22 U.S.C. 2403(g) ).”