California

Civil Code

4,109 sections, each with the official text and a plain-English explanation of what it means for you.

• § 1183.5 — Any officer on active duty or performing inactive-duty training in the armed forces having the general powers of a notary public pursuant to Section 936 or 1044a of Title 10 of the United States Code
• § 1184 — When any of the officers mentioned in Sections 1180, 1181, 1182, and 1183 are authorized by a law to appoint a deputy, the acknowledgment or proof may be taken by such deputy, in the name of his princ
• § 1185 — (a) The acknowledgment of an instrument shall not be taken unless the officer taking it has satisfactory evidence that the person making the acknowledgment is the individual who is described in and wh
• § 1188 — An officer taking the acknowledgment of an instrument shall endorse thereon or attach thereto a certificate pursuant to Section 1189.
• § 1189 — (a) (1) Any certificate of acknowledgment taken within this state shall include a notice at the top of the certificate of acknowledgment in an enclosed box stating: “A notary public or other officer c
• § 1190 — The certificate of acknowledgment of an instrument executed on behalf of an incorporated or unincorporated entity by a duly authorized person in the form specified in Section 1189 shall be prima facie
• § 1193 — Officers taking and certifying acknowledgments or proof of instruments for record, must authenticate their certificates by affixing thereto their signatures, followed by the names of their offices; al
• § 1195 — (a) Proof of the execution of an instrument, when not acknowledged, may be made by any of the following: (1) By the party executing it, or either of them.
• § 1196 — A witness shall be proved to be a subscribing witness by the oath of a credible witness who provides the officer with any document satisfying the requirements of paragraph (3) or (4) of subdivision (b
• § 1197 — The subscribing witness must prove that the person whose name is subscribed to the instrument as a party is the person described in it, and that such person executed it, and that the witness subcribed
• § 1198 — The execution of an instrument may be established by proof of the handwriting of the party and of a subscribing witness, if there is one, in the following cases: 1.
• § 12 — Words giving a joint authority to three or more public officers or other persons are construed as giving such authority to a majority of them, unless it is otherwise expressed in the Act giving the au
• § 1200 — An officer taking proof of the execution of any instrument must, in his certificate indorsed thereon or attached thereto, set forth all the matters required by law to be done or known by him, or prove
• § 1201 — Officers authorized to take the proof of instruments are authorized in such proceedings: 1.
• § 1202 — When the acknowledgment or proof of the execution of an instrument is properly made, but defectively certified, any party interested may have an action in the superior court to obtain a judgment corre
• § 1203 — Any person interested under an instrument entitled to be proved for record, may institute an action in the superior court against the proper parties to obtain a judgment proving such instrument.
• § 1204 — A certified copy of the judgment in a proceeding instituted under either of the two preceding sections, showing the proof of the instrument, and attached thereto, entitles such instrument to record, w
• § 1205 — The legality of the execution, acknowledgment, proof, form, or record of any conveyance or other instrument made before this Code goes into effect, executed, acknowledged, proved, or recorded is not a
• § 1206 — All conveyances of real property made before this Code goes into effect, and acknowledged or proved according to the laws in force at the time of such making and acknowledgment or proof, have the same
• § 1207 — Any instrument affecting the title to real property, 90 days after the same has been copied into the proper book of record, kept in the office of any county recorder, imparts notice of its contents to
• § 1213 — Every conveyance of real property or an estate for years therein acknowledged or proved and certified and recorded as prescribed by law from the time it is filed with the recorder for record is constr
• § 1214 — Every conveyance of real property or an estate for years therein, other than a lease for a term not exceeding one year, is void as against any subsequent purchaser or mortgagee of the same property, o
• § 1215 — The term “conveyance,” as used in Sections 1213 and 1214, embraces every instrument in writing by which any estate or interest in real property is created, aliened, mortgaged, or incumbered, or by whi
• § 1216 — No power contained in an instrument to convey or execute instruments affecting real property which has been recorded is revoked by any act of the party by whom it was executed, unless the instrument c
• § 1217 — An unrecorded instrument is valid as between the parties thereto and those who have notice thereof.
• § 1218 — A certified copy of an instrument affecting the title to real property, once recorded, or a certified copy of the record of such instrument may be recorded in any other county, and, when so recorded,
• § 1219 — Oil and gas leases may be acknowledged or proved, certified and recorded in like manner and with like effect, as grants of real property.
• § 1220 — Contracts for the purchase or sale of standing timber or trees, for severance or otherwise, and all instruments in writing by which any estate or interest in, or right to cut, standing timber or trees
• § 1227 — Every instrument, other than a will, affecting an estate in real property, including every charge upon real property, or upon its rents or profits, made with intent to defraud prior or subsequent purc
• § 1228 — No instrument is to be avoided under the last section, in favor of a subsequent purchaser or incumbrancer having notice thereof at the time his purchase was made, or his lien acquired, unless the pers
• § 1229 — Where a power to revoke or modify an instrument affecting the title to, or the enjoyment of, an estate in real property, is reserved to the grantor, or given to any other person, a subsequent grant of
• § 1230 — Where a person having a power of revocation, within the provisions of the last section, is not entitled to execute it until after the time at which he makes such a grant or charge as is described in t
• § 1231 — Other provisions concerning unlawful transfers are contained in Part II, Division Fourth, of this Code, concerning the Special Relations of Debtor and Creditor.
• § 13 — Words and phrases are construed according to the context and the approved usage of the language; but technical words and phrases, and such others as may have acquired a peculiar and appropriate meanin
• § 14 — (a) Words used in this code in the present tense include the future as well as the present; words used in the masculine gender include the feminine and neuter; the singular number includes the plural,
• § 1414 — As between appropriators, the one first in time is the first in right.
• § 1415 — A person desiring to appropriate water must post a notice, in writing, in a conspicuous place at the point of intended diversion, stating therein: 1.
• § 1416 — Within sixty days after the notice is posted, the claimant must commence the excavation or construction of the works in which he intends to divert the water, or the survey, road or trail building, nec
• § 1417 — By “completion” is meant conducting the waters to the place of intended use.
• § 1418 — By a compliance with the above rules the claimant’s right to the use of the water relates back to the time the notice was posted.
• § 1419 — A failure to comply with such rules deprives the claimants of the right to the use of the water as against a subsequent claimant who complies therewith.
• § 1420 — Persons who have heretofore claimed the right to water, and who have not constructed works in which to divert it, and who have not diverted nor applied it to some useful purpose, must, after this Titl
• § 1421 — The Recorder of each county must keep a book, in which he must record the notices provided for in this Title.
• § 1422 — If the place of intended diversion or any part of the route of intended conveyance of water so claimed, be within, and a part of, any national park, forest reservation, or other public reservation, an
• § 1427 — An obligation is a legal duty, by which a person is bound to do or not to do a certain thing.
• § 1429 — The rules which govern the interpretation of contracts are prescribed by Part II of this Division.
• § 1430 — An obligation imposed upon several persons, or a right created in favor of several persons, may be: 1.
• § 1431 — Joint Liability An obligation imposed upon several persons, or a right created in favor of several persons, is presumed to be joint, and not several, except as provided in Section 1431.
• § 1431.1 — Findings and Declaration of Purpose The People of the State of California find and declare as follows: a) The legal doctrine of joint and several liability, also known as “the deep pocket rule”, has r
• § 1431.2 — Several Liability for Non-economic Damages (a) In any action for personal injury, property damage, or wrongful death, based upon principles of comparative fault, the liability of each defendant for no
• § 1431.3 — Nothing contained in this measure is intended, in any way, to alter the law of immunity.
• § 1431.4 — Amendment or Repeal of Measure.
• § 1431.5 — Severability.
• § 1432 — Except as provided in Section 877 of the Code of Civil Procedure, a party to a joint, or joint and several obligation, who satisfies more than his share of the claim against all, may require a proport
• § 1434 — An obligation is conditional, when the rights or duties of any party thereto depend upon the occurrence of an uncertain event.
• § 1435 — Conditions may be precedent, concurrent, or subsequent.
• § 1436 — A condition precedent is one which is to be performed before some right dependent thereon accrues, or some act dependent thereon is performed.
• § 1437 — Conditions concurrent are those which are mutually dependent, and are to be performed at the same time.
• § 1438 — A condition subsequent is one referring to a future event, upon the happening of which the obligation becomes no longer binding upon the other party, if he chooses to avail himself of the condition.
• § 1439 — Before any party to an obligation can require another party to perform any act under it, he must fulfill all conditions precedent thereto imposed upon himself; and must be able and offer to fulfill al
• § 1440 — If a party to an obligation gives notice to another, before the latter is in default, that he will not perform the same upon his part, and does not retract such notice before the time at which perform
• § 1441 — A condition in a contract, the fulfillment of which is impossible or unlawful, within the meaning of the Article on the Object of Contracts, or which is repugnant to the nature of the interest created
• § 1442 — A condition involving a forfeiture must be strictly interpreted against the party for whose benefit it is created.
• § 1448 — If an obligation requires the performance of one of two acts, in the alternative, the party required to perform has the right of selection, unless it is otherwise provided by the terms of the obligati
• § 1449 — If the party having the right of selection between alternative acts does not give notice of his selection to the other party within the time, if any, fixed by the obligation for that purpose, or, if n
• § 1450 — The party having the right of selection between alternative acts must select one of them in its entirety, and cannot select part of one and part of another without the consent of the other party.
• § 1451 — If one of the alternative acts required by an obligation is such as the law will not enforce, or becomes unlawful, or impossible of performance, the obligation is to be interpreted as though the other
• § 1457 — The burden of an obligation may be transferred with the consent of the party entitled to its benefit, but not otherwise, except as provided by Section 1466.
• § 1458 — A right arising out of an obligation is the property of the person to whom it is due, and may be transferred as such.
• § 1459 — A non-negotiable written contract for the payment of money or personal property may be transferred by indorsement, in like manner with negotiable instruments.
• § 1459.5 — (a) A plaintiff who prevails on a cause of action against a defendant named pursuant to Part 433 of Title 16 of the Code of Federal Regulations or any successor thereto, or pursuant to the contractual
• § 1460 — Certain covenants, contained in grants of estates in real property, are appurtenant to such estates, and pass with them, so as to bind the assigns of the covenantor and to vest in the assigns of the c
• § 1461 — The only covenants which run with the land are those specified in this Title, and those which are incidental thereto.
• § 1462 — Every covenant contained in a grant of an estate in real property, which is made for the direct benefit of the property, or some part of it then in existence, runs with the land.
• § 1463 — The last section includes covenants “of warranty,” “for quiet enjoyment,” or for further assurance on the part of a grantor, and covenants for the payment of rent, or of taxes or assessments upon the
• § 1465 — A covenant running with the land binds those only who acquire the whole estate of the covenantor in some part of the property.
• § 1466 — No one, merely by reason of having acquired an estate subject to a covenant running with the land, is liable for a breach of the covenant before he acquired the estate, or after he has parted with it
• § 1467 — Where several persons, holding by several titles, are subject to the burden or entitled to the benefit of a covenant running with the land, it must be apportioned among them according to the value of
• § 1468 — Each covenant, made by an owner of land with the owner of other land or made by a grantor of land with the grantee of land conveyed, or made by the grantee of land conveyed with the grantor thereof, t
• § 1469 — Each covenant made by the lessor in a lease of real property to do any act or acts on other real property which is owned by the lessor and is contiguous (except for intervening public streets, alleys
• § 1470 — Each covenant made by the lessor in a lease of real property not to use or permit to be used contrary to the terms of such lease any other real property which is owned by the lessor and is contiguous
• § 1471 — (a) Notwithstanding Section 1468 or any other provision of law, a covenant made by an owner of land or by the grantee of land to do or refrain from doing some act on his or her own land, which doing o
• § 1473 — Full performance of an obligation, by the party whose duty it is to perform it, or by any other person on his behalf, and with his assent, if accepted by the creditor, extinguishes it.
• § 1474 — Performance of an obligation, by one of several persons who are jointly liable under it, extinguishes the liability of all.
• § 1475 — An obligation in favor of several persons is extinguished by performance rendered to any of them, except in the case of a deposit made by owners in common, or in joint ownership, which is regulated by
• § 1476 — If a creditor, or any one of two or more joint creditors, at any time directs the debtor to perform his obligation in a particular manner, the obligation is extinguished by performance in that manner,
• § 1477 — A partial performance of an indivisible obligation extinguishes a corresponding proportion thereof, if the benefit of such performance is voluntarily retained by the creditor, but not otherwise.
• § 1478 — Performance of an obligation for the delivery of money only, is called payment.
• § 1485 — An obligation is extinguished by an offer of performance, made in conformity to the rules herein prescribed, and with intent to extinguish the obligation.
• § 1486 — An offer of partial performance is of no effect.
• § 1487 — An offer of performance must be made by the debtor, or by some person on his behalf and with his assent.
• § 1489 — In the absence of an express provision to the contrary, an offer of performance may be made, at the option of the debtor: 1.
• § 1490 — Where an obligation fixes a time for its performance, an offer of performance must be made at that time, within reasonable hours, and not before nor afterwards.
• § 1491 — Where an obligation does not fix the time for its performance, an offer of performance may be made at any time before the debtor, upon a reasonable demand, has refused to perform.
• § 1492 — Where delay in performance is capable of exact and entire compensation, and time has not been expressly declared to be of the essence of the obligation, an offer of performance, accompanied with an of
• § 1493 — An offer of performance must be made in good faith, and in such manner as is most likely, under the circumstances, to benefit the creditor.
• § 1494 — An offer of performance must be free from any conditions which the creditor is not bound, on his part, to perform.
• § 1495 — An offer of performance is of no effect if the person making it is not able and willing to perform according to the offer.
• § 1496 — The thing to be delivered, if any, need not in any case be actually produced, upon an offer of performance, unless the offer is accepted.
• § 1497 — A thing, when offered by way of performance, must not be mixed with other things from which it cannot be separated immediately and without difficulty.
• § 1498 — When a debtor is entitled to the performance of a condition precedent to, or concurrent with, performance on his part, he may make his offer to depend upon the due performance of such condition.
• § 1499 — A debtor has a right to require from his creditor a written receipt for any property delivered in performance of his obligation.
• § 1500 — An obligation for the payment of money is extinguished by a due offer of payment, if the amount is immediately deposited in the name of the creditor, with some bank or savings and loan association wit
• § 1501 — All objections to the mode of an offer of performance, which the creditor has an opportunity to state at the time to the person making the offer, and which could be then obviated by him, are waived by
• § 1502 — The title to a thing duly offered in performance of an obligation passes to the creditor, if the debtor at the time signifies his intention to that effect.
• § 1503 — The person offering a thing, other than money, by way of performance, must, if he means to treat it as belonging to the creditor, retain it as a depositary for hire, until the creditor accepts it, or
• § 1504 — An offer of payment or other performance, duly made, though the title to the thing offered be not transferred to the creditor, stops the running of interest on the obligation, and has the same effect
• § 1505 — If anything is given to a creditor by way of performance, which he refuses to accept as such, he is not bound to return it without demand; but if he retains it, he is a gratuitous depositary thereof.
• § 1511 — The want of performance of an obligation, or of an offer of performance, in whole or in part, or any delay therein, is excused by the following causes, to the extent to which they operate: 1.
• § 1514 — If performance of an obligation is prevented by any cause excusing performance, other than the act of the creditor, the debtor is entitled to a ratable proportion of the consideration to which he woul
• § 1515 — A refusal by a creditor to accept performance, made before an offer thereof, is equivalent to an offer and refusal, unless, before performance is actually due, he gives notice to the debtor of his wil
• § 1522 — Though the parties to an accord are bound to execute it, yet it does not extinguish the obligation until it is fully executed.
• § 1523 — Acceptance, by the creditor, of the consideration of an accord extinguishes the obligation, and is called satisfaction.
• § 1525 — It is the public policy of this State, in the best interests of the taxpayer and of the litigant, to encourage fair dealing and to promote justice by reducing litigated matters to the lowest level of
• § 1526 — (a) Where a claim is disputed or unliquidated and a check or draft is tendered by the debtor in settlement thereof in full discharge of the claim, and the words “payment in full” or other words of sim
• § 1530 — Novation is the substitution of a new obligation for an existing one.
• § 1531 — Novation is made: 1.
• § 1532 — Novation is made by contract, and is subject to all the rules concerning contracts in general.
• § 1541 — An obligation is extinguished by a release therefrom given to the debtor or the released party by the creditor or releasing party, upon a new consideration, or in writing, with or without new consider
• § 1542 — A general release does not extend to claims that the creditor or releasing party does not know or suspect to exist in his or her favor at the time of executing the release and that, if known by him or
• § 1542.1 — Notwithstanding Section 1542, a provider of health care, as defined in Section 56.
• § 1543 — A release of one of two or more joint debtors does not extinguish the obligations of any of the others, unless they are mere guarantors; nor does it affect their right to contribution from him or her,
• § 1549 — A contract is an agreement to do or not to do a certain thing.
• § 1550 — It is essential to the existence of a contract that there should be: 1.
• § 1550.5 — (a) The Legislature finds and declares all of the following: (1) The Compassionate Use Act of 1996, an initiative measure enacted by the approval of Proposition 215 at the November 5, 1996, statewide
• § 1556 — All persons are capable of contracting, except minors, persons of unsound mind, and persons deprived of civil rights.
• § 1557 — (a) The capacity of a minor to contract is governed by Division 11 (commencing with Section 6500) of the Family Code.
• § 1558 — It is essential to the validity of a contract, not only that the parties should exist, but that it should be possible to identify them.
• § 1559 — A contract, made expressly for the benefit of a third person, may be enforced by him at any time before the parties thereto rescind it.
• § 1565 — The consent of the parties to a contract must be: 1.
• § 1566 — A consent which is not free is nevertheless not absolutely void, but may be rescinded by the parties, in the manner prescribed by the Chapter on Rescission.
• § 1567 — An apparent consent is not real or free when obtained through: 1.
• § 1568 — Consent is deemed to have been obtained through one of the causes mentioned in the last section only when it would not have been given had such cause not existed.
• § 1568.5 — A representation by a minor that the minor’s parent or legal guardian has consented shall not be considered to be consent for purposes of this chapter.
• § 1569 — Duress consists in any of the following: (a) Unlawful confinement of the person of the party, or of the spouse of such party, or of an ancestor, descendant, or adopted child of such party or spouse.
• § 1570 — Menace consists in a threat: 1.
• § 1571 — Fraud is either actual or constructive.
• § 1572 — Actual fraud, within the meaning of this Chapter, consists in any of the following acts, committed by a party to the contract, or with his connivance, with intent to deceive another party thereto, or
• § 1573 — Constructive fraud consists: 1.
• § 1574 — Actual fraud is always a question of fact.
• § 1575 — Undue influence consists: 1.
• § 1576 — Mistake may be either of fact or law.
• § 1577 — Mistake of fact is a mistake, not caused by the neglect of a legal duty on the part of the person making the mistake, and consisting in: 1.
• § 1578 — Mistake of law constitutes a mistake, within the meaning of this Article, only when it arises from: 1.
• § 1579 — Mistake of foreign laws is a mistake of fact.
• § 1580 — Consent is not mutual, unless the parties all agree upon the same thing in the same sense.
• § 1581 — Consent can be communicated with effect, only by some act or omission of the party contracting, by which he intends to communicate it, or which necessarily tends to such communication.
• § 1582 — If a proposal prescribes any conditions concerning the communication of its acceptance, the proposer is not bound unless they are conformed to; but in other cases any reasonable and usual mode may be
• § 1583 — Consent is deemed to be fully communicated between the parties as soon as the party accepting a proposal has put his acceptance in the course of transmission to the proposer, in conformity to the last
• § 1584 — Performance of the conditions of a proposal, or the acceptance of the consideration offered with a proposal, is an acceptance of the proposal.
• § 1584.5 — No person, firm, partnership, association, or corporation, or agent or employee thereof, shall, in any manner, or by any means, offer for sale goods, wares, merchandise, or services, where the offer i
• § 1584.6 — If a person is a member of an organization which makes retail sales of any goods, wares, or merchandise to its members, and the person notifies the organization of his termination of membership by cer
• § 1585 — An acceptance must be absolute and unqualified, or must include in itself an acceptance of that character which the proposer can separate from the rest, and which will conclude the person accepting.
• § 1586 — A proposal may be revoked at any time before its acceptance is communicated to the proposer, but not afterwards.
• § 1587 — A proposal is revoked by any of the following: (a) By the communication of notice of revocation by the proposer to the other party, in the manner prescribed by Sections 1581 and 1583, before his or he
• § 1588 — A contract which is voidable solely for want of due consent, may be ratified by a subsequent consent.
• § 1589 — A voluntary acceptance of the benefit of a transaction is equivalent to a consent to all the obligations arising from it, so far as the facts are known, or ought to be known, to the person accepting.
• § 1590 — Where either party to a contemplated marriage in this State makes a gift of money or property to the other on the basis or assumption that the marriage will take place, in the event that the donee ref
• § 1595 — The object of a contract is the thing which it is agreed, on the part of the party receiving the consideration, to do or not to do.
• § 1596 — The object of a contract must be lawful when the contract is made, and possible and ascertainable by the time the contract is to be performed.
• § 1597 — Everything is deemed possible except that which is impossible in the nature of things.
• § 1598 — Where a contract has but a single object, and such object is unlawful, whether in whole or in part, or wholly impossible of performance, or so vaguely expressed as to be wholly unascertainable, the en
• § 1599 — Where a contract has several distinct objects, of which one at least is lawful, and one at least is unlawful, in whole or in part, the contract is void as to the latter and valid as to the rest.
• § 1605 — Any benefit conferred, or agreed to be conferred, upon the promisor, by any other person, to which the promisor is not lawfully entitled, or any prejudice suffered, or agreed to be suffered, by such p
• § 1606 — An existing legal obligation resting upon the promisor, or a moral obligation originating in some benefit conferred upon the promisor, or prejudice suffered by the promisee, is also a good considerati
• § 1607 — The consideration of a contract must be lawful within the meaning of Section 1667.
• § 1608 — If any part of a single consideration for one or more objects, or of several considerations for a single object, is unlawful, the entire contract is void.
• § 1609 — A consideration may be executed or executory, in whole or in part.
• § 1610 — When a consideration is executory, it is not indispensable that the contract should specify its amount or the means of ascertaining it.
• § 1611 — When a contract does not determine the amount of the consideration, nor the method by which it is to be ascertained, or when it leaves the amount thereof to the discretion of an interested party, the
• § 1612 — Where a contract provides an exclusive method by which its consideration is to be ascertained, which method is on its face impossible of execution, the entire contract is void; but this section shall
• § 1613 — Where a contract provides an exclusive method by which its consideration is to be ascertained, which method appears possible on its face, but in fact is, or becomes, impossible of execution, such prov
• § 1614 — A written instrument is presumptive evidence of a consideration.
• § 1615 — The burden of showing a want of consideration sufficient to support an instrument lies with the party seeking to invalidate or avoid it.
• § 1619 — A contract is either express or implied.
• § 1620 — An express contract is one, the terms of which are stated in words.
• § 1621 — An implied contract is one, the existence and terms of which are manifested by conduct.
• § 1622 — All contracts may be oral, except such as are specially required by statute to be in writing.
• § 1623 — Where a contract, which is required by law to be in writing, is prevented from being put into writing by the fraud of a party thereto, any other party who is by such fraud led to believe that it is in
• § 1624 — (a) The following contracts are invalid, unless they, or some note or memorandum thereof, are in writing and subscribed by the party to be charged or by the party’s agent: (1) An agreement that by its
• § 1624.5 — (a) Except in the cases described in subdivision (b), a contract for the sale of personal property is not enforceable by way of action or defense beyond five thousand dollars ($5,000) in amount or val
• § 1625 — The execution of a contract in writing, whether the law requires it to be written or not, supersedes all the negotiations or stipulations concerning its matter which preceded or accompanied the execut
• § 1626 — A contract in writing takes effect upon its delivery to the party in whose favor it is made, or to his agent.
• § 1627 — The provisions of the Chapter on Transfers in General, concerning the delivery of grants, absolute and conditional, apply to all written contracts.
• § 1628 — A corporate or official seal may be affixed to an instrument by a mere impression upon the paper or other material on which such instrument is written.
• § 1629 — All distinctions between sealed and unsealed instruments are abolished.
• § 1630 — Except as provided in Section 1630.
• § 1630.5 — The provisions of any contract of bailment for the parking or storage of a motor vehicle shall not exempt the bailee from liability, either in whole or in part, for the theft of any motor vehicle, whe
• § 1631 — Every person in this State who sells machinery used or to be used for mining purposes shall, at the time of sale, give to the buyer a bill of sale for the machinery.
• § 1632 — (a) The Legislature hereby finds and declares all of the following: (1) This section was enacted in 1976 to increase consumer information and protections for the state’s sizeable and growing Spanish-s
• § 1632.5 — (a) (1) A supervised financial organization that negotiates primarily in Spanish, Chinese, Tagalog, Vietnamese, or Korean, whether orally or in writing, in the course of entering into a contract or ag
• § 1633 — (a) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, an application by a prospective customer to enter into a brokerage agreement with a broker-dealer, which application is transmitted electronically and i
• § 1633.1 — This title may be cited as the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act.
• § 1633.10 — If a change or error in an electronic record occurs in a transmission between parties to a transaction, the following rules apply: (1) If the parties have agreed to use a security procedure to detect
• § 1633.11 — (a) If a law requires that a signature be notarized, the requirement is satisfied with respect to an electronic signature if an electronic record includes, in addition to the electronic signature to b
• § 1633.12 — (a) If a law requires that a record be retained, the requirement is satisfied by retaining an electronic record of the information in the record, if the electronic record reflects accurately the infor
• § 1633.13 — In a proceeding, evidence of a record or signature may not be excluded solely because it is in electronic form.
• § 1633.14 — (a) In an automated transaction, the following rules apply: (1) A contract may be formed by the interaction of electronic agents of the parties, even if no individual was aware of or reviewed the elec
• § 1633.15 — (a) Unless the sender and the recipient agree to a different method of sending that is reasonable under the circumstances, an electronic record is sent when the information is addressed properly or ot
• § 1633.16 — If a law other than this title requires that a notice of the right to cancel be provided or sent, an electronic record may not substitute for a writing under that other law unless, in addition to sati