26 U.S.C. § 864: Definitions and special rules

For purposes of this part, the term “produced” includes created, fabricated, manufactured, extracted, processed, cured, or aged. for a nonresident alien individual, foreign partnership, or foreign corporation, not engaged in trade or business within the United States, or for an office or place of business maintained in a foreign country or in a possession of the United States by an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States or by a domestic partnership or a domestic corporation, Trading in stocks or securities through a resident broker, commission agent, custodian, or other independent agent. Trading in stocks or securities for the taxpayer’s own account, whether by the taxpayer or his employees or through a resident broker, commission agent, custodian, or other agent, and whether or not any such employee or agent has discretionary authority to make decisions in effecting the transactions. This clause shall not apply in the case of a dealer in stocks or securities. Trading in commodities through a resident broker, commission agent, custodian, or other independent agent. Trading in commodities for the taxpayer’s own account, whether by the taxpayer or his employees or through a resident broker, commission agent, custodian, or other agent, and whether or not any such employee or agent has discretionary authority to make decisions in effecting the transactions. This clause shall not apply in the case of a dealer in commodities. Clauses (i) and (ii) shall apply only if the commodities are of a kind customarily dealt in on an organized commodity exchange and if the transaction is of a kind customarily consummated at such place. Subparagraphs (A)(i) and (B)(i) shall apply only if, at no time during the taxable year, the taxpayer has an office or other fixed place of business in the United States through which or by the direction of which the transactions in stocks or securities, or in commodities, as the case may be, are effected. In the case of a nonresident alien individual or a foreign corporation engaged in trade or business within the United States during the taxable year, the rules set forth in paragraphs (2), (3), (4), (6), (7), and (8) shall apply in determining the income, gain, or loss which shall be treated as effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States. Except as provided in paragraph (6) 1 (7), or (8) or in section 871(d) or sections 882(d) and (e), in the case of a nonresident alien individual or a foreign corporation not engaged in trade or business within the United States during the taxable year, no income, gain, or loss shall be treated as effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States. 1 So in original. Probably should be followed by a comma. the income, gain, or loss is derived from assets used in or held for use in the conduct of such trade or business, or the activities of such trade or business were a material factor in the realization of the income, gain, or loss. All income, gain, or loss from sources within the United States (other than income, gain, or loss to which paragraph (2) applies) shall be treated as effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States. Except as provided in subparagraphs (B) and (C), no income, gain, or loss from sources without the United States shall be treated as effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States. consists of rents or royalties for the use of or for the privilege of using intangible property described in section 862(a)(4) derived in the active conduct of such trade or business; consists of dividends, interest, or amounts received for the provision of guarantees of indebtedness, and either is derived in the active conduct of a banking, financing, or similar business within the United States or is received by a corporation the principal business of which is trading in stocks or securities for its own account; or is derived from the sale or exchange (outside the United States) through such office or other fixed place of business of personal property described in section 1221(a)(1), except that this clause shall not apply if the property is sold or exchanged for use, consumption, or disposition outside the United States and an office or other fixed place of business of the taxpayer in a foreign country participated materially in such sale. In the case of a foreign corporation taxable under part I or part II of subchapter L, any income from sources without the United States which is attributable to its United States business shall be treated as effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States. consists of dividends, interest, or royalties paid by a foreign corporation in which the taxpayer owns (within the meaning of section 958(a)), or is considered as owning (by applying the ownership rules of section 958(b)), more than 50 percent of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote, or is subpart F income within the meaning of section 952(a). in determining whether a nonresident alien individual or a foreign corporation has an office or other fixed place of business, an office or other fixed place of business of an agent shall be disregarded unless such agent (i) has the authority to negotiate and conclude contracts in the name of the nonresident alien individual or foreign corporation and regularly exercises that authority or has a stock of merchandise from which he regularly fills orders on behalf of such individual or foreign corporation, and (ii) is not a general commission agent, broker, or other agent of independent status acting in the ordinary course of his business, income, gain, or loss shall not be considered as attributable to an office or other fixed place of business within the United States unless such office or fixed place of business is a material factor in the production of such income, gain, or loss and such office or fixed place of business regularly carries on activities of the type from which such income, gain, or loss is derived, and the income, gain, or loss which shall be attributable to an office or other fixed place of business within the United States shall be the income, gain, or loss property allocable thereto, but, in the case of a sale or exchange described in clause (iii) of such subparagraph, the income which shall be treated as attributable to an office or other fixed place of business within the United States shall not exceed the income which would be derived from sources within the United States if the sale or exchange were made in the United States. is taken into account for any taxable year, but is attributable to a sale or exchange of property or the performance of services (or any other transaction) in any other taxable year, any property ceases to be used or held for use in connection with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States, and such property is disposed of within 10 years after such cessation, Notwithstanding any other provision of this subtitle, if a nonresident alien individual or foreign corporation owns, directly or indirectly, an interest in a partnership which is engaged in any trade or business within the United States, gain or loss on the sale or exchange of all (or any portion of) such interest shall be treated as effectively connected with the conduct of such trade or business to the extent such gain or loss does not exceed the amount determined under subparagraph (B). the portion of the partner’s distributive share of the amount of gain which would have been effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States if the partnership had sold all of its assets at their fair market value as of the date of the sale or exchange of such interest, or zero if no gain on such deemed sale would have been so effectively connected, and the portion of the partner’s distributive share of the amount of loss on the deemed sale described in clause (i)(I) which would have been so effectively connected, or zero if no loss on such deemed sale would be have been so effectively connected. If a partnership described in subparagraph (A) holds any United States real property interest (as defined in section 897(c)) at the time of the sale or exchange of the partnership interest, then the gain or loss treated as effectively connected income under subparagraph (A) shall be reduced by the amount so treated with respect to such United States real property interest under section 897. For purposes of this paragraph, the term “sale or exchange” means any sale, exchange, or other disposition. The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations or other guidance as the Secretary determines appropriate for the application of this paragraph, including with respect to exchanges described in section 332, 351, 354, 355, 356, or 361. For purposes of the provisions set forth in paragraph (2), if any person acquires (directly or indirectly) a trade or service receivable from a related person, any income of such person from the trade or service receivable so acquired shall be treated as if it were interest on a loan to the obligor under the receivable. Section 904 (relating to limitation on foreign tax credit). Subpart F of part III of this subchapter (relating to controlled foreign corporations). the disposition by a related person of property described in section 1221(a)(1), or the performance of services by a related person. any person who is a related person (within the meaning of section 267(b)), and any United States shareholder (as defined in section 951(b)) and any person who is a related person (within the meaning of section 267(b)) to such a shareholder. Section 904(d)(2)(B)(iii)(I) (relating to exceptions for export financing interest). Subparagraph (A) of section 954(b)(3) (relating to exception where foreign base company income is less than 5 percent or $1,000,000). Subparagraph (B) of section 954(c)(2) (relating to certain export financing). Clause (i) of section 954(c)(3)(A) (relating to certain income received from related persons). the purchase of property described in section 1221(a)(1) of a related person, or the payment for the performance of services by a related person, the person acquiring such receivable and such related person are created or organized under the laws of the same foreign country and such related person has a substantial part of its assets used in its trade or business located in such same foreign country, and such related person would not have derived any foreign base company income (as defined in section 954(a), determined without regard to section 954(b)(3)(A)), or any income effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States, from such receivable if it had been collected by such related person. The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary to prevent the avoidance of the provisions of this subsection or section 956(c)(3). The taxable income of each member of an affiliated group shall be determined by allocating and apportioning interest expense of each member as if all members of such group were a single corporation. All allocations and apportionments of interest expense shall be determined using the adjusted bases of assets rather than on the basis of the fair market value of the assets or gross income. For purposes of allocating and apportioning any deductible expense, any tax-exempt asset (and any income from such an asset) shall not be taken into account. A similar rule shall apply in the case of the portion of any dividend (other than a qualifying dividend as defined in section 243(b)) equal to the deduction allowable under section 243 or 245(a) with respect to such dividend and in the case of a like portion of any stock the dividends on which would be so deductible and would not be qualifying dividends (as so defined). increased by the amount of the earnings and profits of such corporation attributable to such stock and accumulated during the period the taxpayer held such stock, or reduced (but not below zero) by any deficit in earnings and profits of such corporation attributable to such stock for such period. such corporation is not included in the taxpayer’s affiliated group, and members of such affiliated group own 10 percent or more of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock of such corporation entitled to vote. If, by reason of holding stock in a nonaffiliated 10-percent owned corporation, the taxpayer is treated under clause (iii) as owning stock in another corporation with respect to which the stock ownership requirements of clause (ii) are met, the adjustment under subparagraph (A) shall include an adjustment for the amount of the earnings and profits (or deficit therein) of such other corporation which are attributable to the stock the taxpayer is so treated as owning and to the period during which the taxpayer is treated as owning such stock. The stock ownership requirements of this clause are met with respect to any corporation if members of the taxpayer’s affiliated group own (directly or through the application of clause (iii)) 10 percent or more of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock of such corporation entitled to vote. For purposes of this subparagraph, stock owned (directly or indirectly) by a corporation, partnership, or trust shall be treated as being owned proportionately by its shareholders, partners, or beneficiaries. Stock considered to be owned by a person by reason of the application of the preceding sentence, shall, for purposes of applying such sentence, be treated as actually owned by such person. For purposes of this paragraph, proper adjustment shall be made to the earnings and profits of any corporation to take into account any earnings and profits included in gross income under section 951 or under any other provision of this title and reflected in the adjusted basis of the stock. more than 50 percent of the gross income of such foreign corporation for the taxable year is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States, and at least 80 percent of either the vote or value of all outstanding stock of such foreign corporation is owned directly or indirectly by members of the affiliated group (determined with regard to this sentence). For purposes of subparagraph (A), any corporation described in subparagraph (C) shall be treated as an includible corporation for purposes of section 1504 only for purposes of applying such section separately to corporations so described. This subparagraph shall not apply for purposes of paragraph (6). such corporation is a financial institution described in section 581 or 591, the business of such financial institution is predominantly with persons other than related persons (within the meaning of subsection (d)(4)) or their customers, and such financial institution is required by State or Federal law to be operated separately from any other entity which is not such an institution. a bank holding company (within the meaning of section 2(a) of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956), and any subsidiary of a financial institution described in section 581 or 591 or of any bank holding company if such subsidiary is predominantly engaged (directly or indirectly) in the active conduct of a banking, financing, or similar business, Expenses other than interest which are not directly allocable or apportioned to any specific income producing activity shall be allocated and apportioned as if all members of the affiliated group were a single corporation. for the resourcing of income of any member of an affiliated group or modifications to the consolidated return regulations to the extent such resourcing or modification is necessary to carry out the purposes of this section, for direct allocation of interest expense incurred to carry out an integrated financial transaction to any interest (or interest-type income) derived from such transaction and in other circumstances where such allocation would be appropriate to carry out the purposes of this subsection, for the apportionment of expenses allocated to foreign source income among the members of the affiliated group and various categories of income described in section 904(d)(1), for direct allocation of interest expense in the case of indebtedness resulting in a disallowance under section 246A, for appropriate adjustments in the application of paragraph (3) in the case of an insurance company, preventing assets or interest expense from being taken into account more than once, and that this subsection shall not apply for purposes of any provision of this subchapter to the extent the Secretary determines that the application of this subsection for such purposes would not be appropriate. Any qualified research and experimental expenditures expended solely to meet legal requirements imposed by a political entity with respect to the improvement or marketing of specific products or processes for purposes not reasonably expected to generate gross income (beyond de minimis amounts) outside the jurisdiction of the political entity shall be allocated only to gross income from sources within such jurisdiction. that such expenditures are attributable to activities conducted in the United States, 50 percent of such expenditures shall be allocated and apportioned to income from sources within the United States and deducted from such income in determining the amount of taxable income from sources within the United States, and that such expenditures are attributable to activities conducted outside the United States, 50 percent of such expenditures shall be allocated and apportioned to income from sources outside the United States and deducted from such income in determining the amount of taxable income from sources outside the United States. The remaining portion of qualified research and experimental expenditures (not allocated under subparagraphs (A) and (B)) shall be apportioned, at the annual election of the taxpayer, on the basis of gross sales or gross income, except that, if the taxpayer elects to apportion on the basis of gross income, the amount apportioned to income from sources outside the United States shall at least be 30 percent of the amount which would be so apportioned on the basis of gross sales. For purposes of this section, the term “qualified research and experimental expenditures” means amounts which are foreign research or experimental expenditures within the meaning of section 174 or domestic research or experimental expenditures within the meaning of section 174A. For purposes of this paragraph, rules similar to the rules of subsection (c) of section 174 shall apply. Any qualified research and experimental expenditures allowed as an amortization deduction under section 174(a) or section 174A(c), shall be taken into account under this subsection for the taxable year for which such expenditures are allowed as a deduction under such section (as the case may be). if incurred by a United States person, shall be allocated and apportioned under this section in the same manner as if they were attributable to activities conducted in the United States, and if incurred by a person other than a United States person, shall be allocated and apportioned under this section in the same manner as if they were attributable to activities conducted outside the United States. in space, on or under water not within the jurisdiction (as recognized by the United States) of a foreign country, possession of the United States, or the United States, or in Antarctica. Except as provided in subparagraph (B), the allocation and apportionment required by paragraph (1) shall be determined as if all members of the affiliated group (as defined in subsection (e)(5)) were a single corporation. sales and gross income from products produced in whole or in part in a possession by an electing corporation (within the meaning of section 936(h)(5)(E)), 2 and 2 See References in Text note below. dividends from an electing corporation, The qualified research and experimental expenditures taken into account for purposes of paragraph (1) shall be adjusted to reflect the amount of such expenditures included in computing the cost-sharing amount (determined under section 936(h)(5)(C)(i)(I)). 2 The Secretary may prescribe such regulations as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of this paragraph, including regulations providing for the source of gross income and the allocation and apportionment of deductions to take into account the adjustments required by subparagraph (B) or (C). Paragraph (6) of subsection (e) shall not apply to qualified research and experimental expenditures. The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as may be appropriate to carry out the purposes of this subsection, including regulations relating to the determination of whether any expenses are attributable to activities conducted in the United States or outside the United States and regulations providing such adjustments to the provisions of this subsection as may be appropriate in the case of cost-sharing arrangements and contract research. This subsection shall apply to the taxpayer’s first taxable year (beginning on or before August 1, 1994 ) following the taxpayer’s last taxable year to which Revenue Procedure 92–56 applies or would apply if the taxpayer elected the benefits of such Revenue Procedure. the amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 904 of this title ] shall not apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2002 , and before January 1, 2005 , and in the case of taxable years beginning after December 31, 2004 , clause (iv) of section 904(d)(4)(C) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (as amended by this section) shall be applied by substituting ‘ January 1, 2005 ’ for ‘ January 1, 2003 ’ both places it appears.” Except as otherwise provided in this subsection, the amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1986 . In the case of the 1st 3 taxable years of the taxpayer beginning after December 31, 1986 , the amendments made by this section shall not apply to interest expenses paid or accrued by the taxpayer during the taxable year with respect to an aggregate amount of indebtedness which does not exceed the general phase-in amount. Except as provided in clause (iii), the general phase-in amount for purposes of clause (i) is the applicable percentage (determined under the following table) of the aggregate amount of indebtedness of the taxpayer outstanding on November 16, 1985 : The applicable “In the case of the: percentage is: 1st taxable year 75 2nd taxable year 50 3rd taxable year 25. For purposes of applying this subparagraph to interest expenses attributable to any month, the general phase-in amount shall in no event exceed the lowest amount of indebtedness of the taxpayer outstanding as of the close of any preceding month beginning after November 16, 1985 . To the extent provided in regulations, the average amount of indebtedness outstanding during any month shall be used (in lieu of the amount outstanding as of the close of such month) for purposes of the preceding sentence. subparagraph (A) shall not apply for purposes of paragraph (1) of section 864(e) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (as added by this section), but such paragraph (1) shall not apply to interest expenses paid or accrued by the taxpayer during the taxable year with respect to an aggregate amount of indebtedness which does not exceed the special phase-in amount. the general phase-in amount as determined for purposes of subparagraph (A), the 5-year phase-in amount, and the 4-year phase-in amount. the applicable percentage (determined under the following table for purposes of this subclause) of the 5-year debt amount, or the applicable percentage (determined under the following table for purposes of this subclause) of the 5-year debt amount reduced by paydowns: “In the case of the: The applicable percentage for purposes of subclause (I) is: The applicable percentage for purposes of subclause (II) is: 1st taxable year 8⅓ 10 2nd taxable year 16⅔ 25 3rd taxable year 25 50 4th taxable year 33⅓ 100 5th taxable year 16⅔ 100. the applicable percentage (determined under the following table for purposes of this subclause) of the 4-year debt amount, or the applicable percentage (determined under the following table for purposes of this subclause) of the 4-year debt amount reduced by paydowns to the extent such paydowns exceed the 5-year debt amount: “In the case of the: The applicable percentage for purposes of subclause (I) is: The applicable percentage for purposes of subclause (II) is: 1st taxable year 5 6¼ 2nd taxable year 10 16⅔ 3rd taxable year 15 37½ 4th taxable year 20 100 5th taxable year 0 0. the amount of the outstanding indebtedness of the taxpayer on May 29, 1985 , over the amount of the outstanding indebtedness of the taxpayer as of the close of December 31, 1983 . the amount referred to in clause (v)(II), over the amount of the outstanding indebtedness of the taxpayer as of the close of December 31, 1982 . the aggregate amount of indebtedness of the taxpayer outstanding on November 16, 1985 , over the lowest amount of indebtedness of the taxpayer outstanding as of the close of any preceding month beginning after November 16, 1985 (or, to the extent provided in regulations under subparagraph (A)(iii), the average amount of indebtedness outstanding during any such month). In applying subparagraph (B), there shall first be taken into account indebtedness to which subparagraph (A) applies. In the case of the 1st 9 taxable years of the taxpayer beginning after December 31, 1986 , the amendments made by this section shall not apply to interest expenses paid or accrued by the taxpayer during the taxable year with respect to an aggregate amount of indebtedness which does not exceed the applicable percentage (determined under the following table) of the indebtedness described in clause (iii) or (iv): “In the case of the: The applicable percentage is: 1st taxable year 90 2nd taxable year 80 3rd taxable year 70 4th taxable year 60 5th taxable year 50 6th taxable year 40 7th taxable year 30 8th taxable year 20 9th taxable year 10. The provisions of this subparagraph shall apply in lieu of the provisions of subparagraphs (A) and (B). Indebtedness is described in this clause if it is indebtedness (which was outstanding on May 29, 1985 ) of a corporation incorporated on June 13, 1917 , which has its principal place of business in Bartlesville, Oklahoma. Indebtedness is described in this clause if it is indebtedness (which was outstanding on May 29, 1985 ) of a member of an affiliated group (as defined in section 1504(a) [of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986]), the common parent of which was incorporated on August 26, 1926 , and has its principal place of business in Harrison, New York. For purposes of this paragraph, all members of the same affiliated group of corporations (as defined in section 864(e)(5)(A) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as added by this section) shall be treated as 1 taxpayer whether or not such members filed a consolidated return. A taxpayer may elect (at such time and in such manner as the Secretary of the Treasury or his delegate may prescribe) to have this paragraph not apply. In the case of members of the same affiliated group (as so defined), such an election may be made only if each member consents to such election. the indebtedness was incurred to develop or improve existing property that is owned by the taxpayer on November 16, 1985 , and was acquired with the intent to develop or improve the property, the loan agreement with respect to the indebtedness provides that the funds are to be utilized for purposes of developing or improving the above property, and the debt to equity ratio of the companies that join in the filing of the consolidated return is less than 15 percent. which was incorporated in Delaware on June 29, 1964 , the principal subsidiary of which is a resident of Arkansas, and which is a member of an affiliated group the average daily United States production of oil of which is less than 50,000 barrels and the average daily United States refining of which is less than 150,000 barrels. $100,000,000 face amount of 11¾ percent notes due in 1990, $100,000,000 of 8¾ percent notes due in 1989, 6¾ percent Japanese yen notes due in 1991, and 5⅜ percent Swiss franc bonds due in 1994. Repealed. Pub. L. 104–191, title V, § 521(a) , Aug. 21, 1996 , 110 Stat. 2103 .] In the case of an affiliated group of domestic corporations the common parent of which has its principal office in New Brunswick, New Jersey, and has a certificate of organization which was filed with the Secretary of the State of New Jersey on November 10, 1887 , the amendments made by this section shall not apply to the phase-in percentage of general and administrative expenses paid or incurred in its 1st 3 taxable years beginning after December 31, 1986 . For purposes of subparagraph (A): “In the case of taxable The phase-in years beginning in: percentage is: 1987 75 1988 50 1989 25.” Except as provided in paragraph (2), the amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 956 of this title ] shall apply to accounts receivable and evidences of indebtedness transferred after March 1, 1984 , in taxable years ending after such date. $15,000,000 or the amount of the Belgian corporation’s adjusted basis on March 1, 1984 , in stock of a foreign corporation formed to issue bonds outside the United States to the public.”