26 U.S.C. § 4973: Tax on excess contributions to certain tax-favored accounts and annuities

an individual retirement account (within the meaning of section 408(a)), an Archer MSA (within the meaning of section 220(d)), an individual retirement annuity (within the meaning of section 408(b)), a custodial account treated as an annuity contract under section 403(b)(7)(A) (relating to custodial accounts for regulated investment company stock), a Coverdell education savings account (as defined in section 530), a health savings account (within the meaning of section 223(d)), or an ABLE account (within the meaning of section 529A), the amount contributed for the taxable year to the accounts or for the annuities (other than a contribution to a Roth IRA or a rollover contribution described in section 402(c), 403(a)(4), 403(b)(8), 408(d)(3), or 457(e)(16)), over the amount allowable as a deduction under section 219 for such contributions, and the distributions out of the account for the taxable year which were included in the gross income of the payee under section 408(d)(1), the distributions out of the account for the taxable year to which section 408(d)(5) applies, and the excess (if any) of the maximum amount allowable as a deduction under section 219 for the taxable year over the amount contributed (determined without regard to section 219(f)(6)) to the accounts or for the annuities (including the amount contributed to a Roth IRA) for the taxable year. the excess (if any) of the amount contributed for the taxable year to such account (other than a rollover contribution described in section 403(b)(8) or 408(d)(3)(A)(iii)), over the lesser of the amount excludable from gross income under section 403(b) or the amount permitted to be contributed under the limitations contained in section 415 (or under whichever such section is applicable, if only one is applicable), and the excess (if any) of the lesser of (i) the amount excludable from gross income under section 403(b) or (ii) the amount permitted to be contributed under the limitations contained in section 415 over the amount contributed to the account for the taxable year (or under whichever such section is applicable, if only one is applicable), and the sum of the distributions out of the account (for all prior taxable years) which are included in gross income under section 72(e). the aggregate amount contributed for the taxable year to the accounts (other than rollover contributions described in section 220(f)(5)) which is neither excludable from gross income under section 106(b) nor allowable as a deduction under section 220 for such year, and the distributions out of the accounts which were included in gross income under section 220(f)(2), and the maximum amount allowable as a deduction under section 220(b)(1) (determined without regard to section 106(b)) for the taxable year, over the amount contributed to the accounts for the taxable year. the amount by which the amount contributed for the taxable year to such accounts exceeds $2,000 (or, if less, the sum of the maximum amounts permitted to be contributed under section 530(c) by the contributors to such accounts for such year); and the distributions out of the accounts for the taxable year (other than rollover distributions); and the excess (if any) of the maximum amount which may be contributed to the accounts for the taxable year over the amount contributed to the accounts for the taxable year. Any contribution which is distributed out of the Coverdell education savings account in a distribution to which section 530(d)(4)(C) applies. Any rollover contribution. the amount contributed for the taxable year to Roth IRAs (other than a qualified rollover contribution described in section 408A(e)), over the amount allowable as a contribution under sections 408A(c)(2) and (c)(3), and the distributions out of the accounts for the taxable year, and the excess (if any) of the maximum amount allowable as a contribution under sections 408A(c)(2) and (c)(3) for the taxable year over the amount contributed by the individual to all individual retirement plans for the taxable year. the aggregate amount contributed for the taxable year to the accounts (other than a rollover contribution described in section 220(f)(5) or 223(f)(5)) which is neither excludable from gross income under section 106(d) nor allowable as a deduction under section 223 for such year, and the distributions out of the accounts which were included in gross income under section 223(f)(2), and the maximum amount allowable as a deduction under section 223(b) (determined without regard to section 106(d)) for the taxable year, over the amount contributed to the accounts for the taxable year. In the case of an ABLE account (within the meaning of section 529A), the term “excess contributions” means the amount by which the amount contributed for the taxable year to such account (other than contributions under section 529A(c)(1)(C) or contributions received in a qualified ABLE rollover contribution described in section 530A(d)(4)(B)) exceeds the contribution limit under section 529A(b)(2)(B). For purposes of this subsection, any contribution which is distributed out of the ABLE account in a distribution to which the last sentence of section 529A(b)(2) applies shall be treated as an amount not contributed.