22 U.S.C. § 2656: Management of foreign affairs

The Secretary of State shall perform such duties as shall from time to time be enjoined on or intrusted to him by the President relative to correspondences, commissions, or instructions to or with public ministers or consuls from the United States, or to negotiations with public ministers from foreign states or princes, or to memorials or other applications from foreign public ministers or other foreigners, or to such other matters respecting foreign affairs as the President of the United States shall assign to the Department, and he shall conduct the business of the Department in such manner as the President shall direct. The Secretary [of State] may establish an Inner Mongolia team within the United States Mission in China, to follow political, economic, and social developments in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and other areas designated by the People’s Republic of China as autonomous for Mongolians, with due consideration given to hiring Mongolians as Locally Employed Staff. Responsibilities of a team devoted to Inner Mongolia should include reporting on internationally recognized human rights issues, monitoring developments in critical minerals mining, environmental degradation, and PRC space capabilities, and access to areas designated as autonomous for Mongolians by United States Government officials, journalists, nongovernmental organizations, and the Mongolian diaspora. The Secretary should ensure that the Department [of State] has sufficient proficiency in the Mongolian language in order to carry out paragraph (1), and that the United States Mission in China has sufficient resources to hire Local Employed Staff proficient in the Mongolian language, as appropriate. Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [ Dec. 18, 2025 ], the Secretary shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees [Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives] a report on the staffing described in subsection (a).” Increasing the United States’ global diplomatic footprint is imperative to advance United States’ national security interests, particularly in the face of a massive diplomatic expansion of our strategic competitors. Opening or re-opening diplomatic missions, often in small island nations where there is no United States Government presence, but one is needed to advance United States strategic objectives. Diplomatic missions should be resourced and equipped for success upon opening to allow diplomats to focus on advancing United States national interests in-country. The United States can and should move more swiftly to open new diplomatic missions and provide United States diplomats and locally employed staff with a workplace that meets locally appropriate quality, safety, and security standards. To do this, the Department [of State] must streamline and support the process of opening new posts to identify efficiencies and remove obstacles that are unduly complicating the opening of new diplomatic missions, particularly in small island states and similarly situated locations. Not later than 120 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [ Dec. 23, 2024 ], the Secretary [of State] shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees [Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives] and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives a report on how the Department is creating a new framework to provide such diplomatic missions the needed resources and authorities to quickly and efficiently stand up and operate from the moment United States personnel arrive, or even before the opening of a new mission, particularly in small island nations. a list of authorities and processes related to the opening of new diplomatic missions; a list of authorities and processes related to the opening of new diplomatic missions that the Department can waive to expediently stand up new diplomatic missions; essential functions that each new diplomatic mission should be able to carry out independently upon opening; a description of functions that another post or support center will need to carry out to support the new mission; a list of essential equipment and access to facilities, including to support secure communications, that should be provided to each new diplomatic mission, the approval of which should be handled prior to or shortly after the opening of the new diplomatic mission, including arrangements for basic office equipment, vehicles, and housing; the number of recommended locally engaged staff and United States direct hires resident in-country; the number of non-resident support staff who are assigned to the new diplomatic mission, such as from another post or regional support center; a description of how medical and consular support services could be provided; procedures for requesting an expansion or renovation of the post’s functions or physical platform after opening, should that be needed; any other authorities or processes that may be required to successfully and quickly stand up a new diplomatic mission, including any new authorities the Department may need; a list of incentives, in addition to pay differentials, being considered for such posts; a description of any specialized training, including for management and security personnel supporting the establishment of such new embassies that may be required; and a list of what steps the Department is taking to expedite embassy construction in Dublin, Ireland, consulate build-out in Nuuk, Greenland, and embassy renovations in Buenos Aires, Argentina, and projected new posts in the Caribbean and Pacific Islands. The Secretary shall designate an assistant secretary-level senior official to expedite and make recommendations for the reform of procedures for opening new diplomatic missions abroad, particularly in small island states. expediting the resourcing of new diplomatic missions by waiving or reducing when possible mandatory processes required to open new diplomatic missions, taking into account the threat environment and circumstances in the host country; when necessary, quickly adjudicating within the Department any decision points that arise during the planning and execution phases of the establishment of a new mission; ensuring new missions receive the management and operational support needed, including by designating such support be undertaken by another post, regional support center, or Department entities based in the United States; and ensuring that the authorities provided in the Secure Embassy Construction and Counterterrorism Act of 1999 (title VI of division A of appendix G of Public Law 106–113 [ 113 Stat. 1501 A–451; see Short Title of 1999 Amendment note set out under section 4801 of this title ]), as amended by the Secure Embassy Construction and Counterterrorism Act of 2022 ( section 9301 of Public Law 117–263 ; 136 Stat. 3879 ), are fully utilized in the planning for all new diplomatic missions. In this section, the term ‘new diplomatic mission’ means any bilateral diplomatic mission opened since January 1, 2020 , in a country where there had not been a bilateral diplomatic mission since the date that is 20 years before the date of the enactment of this Act. The authorities and requirements of this section shall terminate 5 years after the date of the enactment of this Act.” Not later than one year after the date of the enactment of this Act [ Dec. 23, 2024 ], and biennially thereafter, the President shall convene a United States-Africa Leaders Summit to strengthen ties and promote cooperation with African leaders, as well as civil society, business, diaspora, women, and youth leaders. are not sanctioned by the United States; and have not been found, by credible international observers or other international bodies, to have undermined democratic elections; heads of transitional governments that are implementing a roadmap to hold credible elections and who are unaffiliated with actions that were related to an unconstitutional change of administration; and civil society from each of the African countries represented at the Summit. For the purposes of this subsection, non-payment of membership fees to the African Union shall not disqualify a country’s leader. The Secretary [of State] should, not later than one year after each summit hosted under subsection (a) host a United States-Africa City Summit (‘Mini Summit’) across cities in Africa or the United States to promote subregional cooperation and serve as a catalyst in fostering engagement with representatives of government, civil society, business, academia, youth, culture and the arts, the African diaspora community, and underrepresented groups. The Secretary shall establish within the Bureau for African Affairs of the Department of State a United States-Africa Leaders Summit implementation unit responsible for coordinating, planning and implementing summits, which should include robust interagency consultation and may include, on a temporary basis, personnel seconded from USAID [United States Agency for International Development] and other Federal agencies as appropriate, and which shall be led by an individual who has previously been appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. using lessons learned from the 2022 African Leaders Summit and subsequent summits to inform planning of future summits; leading interagency efforts to provide guidance to United States embassies in African countries related to planning each summit and engagement with governments and civil society in advance of each summit; tracking and ensuring implementation of commitments made during United States-Africa Leaders Summits; liaising with interagency partners and the National Security Council regarding implementation of summit commitments; facilitating meetings and engagement with African Diaspora communities and stakeholders; and reporting quarterly on a public website of the Department [of State] regarding progress to accomplish summit commitments and status of commitments across Federal departments and agencies. Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, and every 180 days thereafter, the implementation unit shall consult with the appropriate congressional committees [Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives] on summit planning and the fulfillment of commitments and any relevant follow on issues in the wake of each summit. There is authorized to be appropriated $28,000,000 in fiscal year 2025 and $14,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2026 through 2029. Such sums shall remain available for three fiscal years.” It shall be the policy of the United States to work with the Summit of the Americas Secretariat to support the organization of a Summit of the Americas every 4 years, or more frequently as appropriate, subject to the availability of funds, to strengthen ties and promote cooperation between the United States and countries in the Western Hemisphere, as well as civil society, business, diaspora, women, and youth leaders. The Secretary [of State] is authorized to carry out the policy described in subsection (a). Subnational diplomacy strengthens democratic governance by enhancing the ability of local leader to tackle shared challenges and deepens United States ties with regional partners by localizing bilateral and multilateral partnerships and connections. The first-ever Cities Summit of the Americas in 2023 promoted a valuable exchange of best practices and lessons learned between city, State, municipal, and regional leaders and should be held as part of the Summit of the Americas process. The Secretary is authorized to work with the Summit of the Americas Secretariat to support the organization of Cities Summit of the Americas, across cities in the Western Hemisphere, including the United States, to take place as a part of each Summit of the Americas described in subsection (a), to promote subnational cooperation and serve as a catalyst in fostering engagement with representatives of government, civil society, faith-based organizations, business, academia, youth, culture and the arts, Latin American and Caribbean diaspora communities, and underrepresented groups. tracking and ensuring implementation of commitments made during Summits of the Americas; and liaising with interagency partners and the National Security Council regarding implementation of summit commitments. Not later than one year after the date of the enactment of this Act [ Dec. 23, 2024 ], and annually thereafter for 5 years, the Secretary shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees [Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives] a report on the implementation of this section, including the status of commitments of the United States and participating partners for the prior year and upcoming year.” The Secretary of State shall seek to convene a meeting of foreign leaders to establish a multilateral framework to end human rights abuses, including the exploitation of forced labor and child labor, related to the mining and sourcing of critical minerals. The Secretary shall lead the development of an annual global report on the implementation of the framework under subsection (a), including progress and recommendations to fully end human rights abuses, including the exploitation of forced labor and child labor, related to the extraction of critical minerals around the world. The Forced Labor Enforcement Task Force established under section 741 of the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement Implementation Act ( 19 U.S.C. 4681 ); and Congress. to amend or modify any law of the United States; or to limit any authority conferred under any law of the United States. affect the authority of the President to take any action to join and subsequently comply with the terms and obligations of the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI); or affect section 1502 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act [ Pub. L. 111–203 ] ( 15 U.S.C. 78m note), or subsection (q) of section 13 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 ( 15 U.S.C. 78m ), as added by section 1504 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act ( Public Law 111–203 ; 124 Stat. 2220 ), or any rule prescribed under either such section. In this section, the term ‘critical mineral’ has the meaning given the term in section 7002(a) of the Energy Act of 2020 ( 30 U.S.C. 1606(a) ).” In this section, the term ‘ASEAN’ means the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. The Secretary [of State] is authorized to enter into a public-private partnership for the purposes of establishing a US-ASEAN Center in the United States to support United States economic and cultural engagement with Southeast Asia. provide grants for research to support and elevate the importance of the US-ASEAN partnership; facilitate activities to strengthen US-ASEAN trade and investment; expand economic and technological relationships between ASEAN countries and the United States into new areas of cooperation; provide training to United States citizens and citizens of ASEAN countries that improve people-to-people ties; develop educational programs to increase awareness for the United States and ASEAN countries on the importance of relations between the United States and ASEAN countries; and carry out other activities the Secretary considers necessary to strengthen ties between the United States and ASEAN countries and achieve the objectives of the US-ASEAN Center. In carrying out this section, the Secretary shall ensure that the activities of the US-ASEAN Center do not duplicate current lines of effort being conducted by the United States Government or its grantees.” The Pacific Islands are vital to United States national security and national interests in the Indo-Pacific region and globally. The Pacific Islands region spans 15 percent of the world’s surface area and controls access to open waters in the Central Pacific, sea lanes to the Western Hemisphere, supply lines to United States forward-deployed forces in East Asia, and economically important fisheries. The Pacific Islands region is home to the State of Hawaii, 11 United States territories, United States Naval Base Guam, and United States Andersen Air Force Base. Pacific Island countries cooperate with the United States and United States partners on maritime security and efforts to stop illegal, unreported, and destructive fishing. The Pacific Islands are rich in biodiversity and are on the frontlines of environmental challenges and climate issues. The People’s Republic of China seeks to increase its influence in the Pacific Islands region, including through infrastructure development under the People’s Republic of China’s One Belt, One Road Initiative and its new security agreement with the Solomon Islands. The United States closed its embassy in the Solomon Islands in 1993. The United States Embassy in Papua New Guinea manages the diplomatic affairs of the United States to the Republic of Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands, and the United States Embassy in Fiji manages the diplomatic affairs of the United States to the Republic of Kiribati and the Kingdom of Tonga. The United States requires a physical and more robust diplomatic presence in the Republic of Vanuatu, the Republic of Kiribati, the Solomon Islands, and the Kingdom of Tonga, to ensure the physical and operational security of our efforts in those countries to deepen relations, protect United States national security, and pursue United States national interests. Increasing the number of United States embassies dedicated solely to a Pacific Island country demonstrates the United States’ ongoing commitment to the region and to the Pacific Island countries. establish physical United States embassies in the Republic of Kiribati and in the Kingdom of Tonga; upgrade the United States consular agency in the Solomon Islands to an embassy; and establish a physical United States Government presence in the Republic of Vanuatu. In establishing embassies pursuant to paragraph (1) and creating the physical infrastructure to ensure the physical and operational safety of embassy personnel, the Secretary may pursue rent or purchase existing buildings or co-locate personnel in embassies of like-minded partners, such as Australia and New Zealand. In establishing a physical presence in the Republic of Vanuatu pursuant to paragraph (1), the Secretary may assign 1 or more United States Government personnel to the Republic of Vanuatu as part of the United States mission in Papua New Guinea. The President may waive the requirements under paragraph (1) for a period of one year if the President determines and reports to Congress in advance that such waiver is necessary to protect the national security interests of the United States. to establish and maintain the 3 embassies authorized to be established under subsection (b); and to establish a physical United States Government presence in the Republic of Vanuatu; to maintain such embassies; and to establish a physical United States Government presence in the Republic of Vanuatu;[.] the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate; the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate; the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives; and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives. a description of the status of activities carried out to achieve the objectives described in this section; an estimate of when embassies and a physical presence will be fully established pursuant to subsection (b)(1); and an update on events in the Pacific Islands region relevant to the establishment of United States embassies, including activities by the People’s Republic of China. confirms the establishment of the 3 embassies and the physical presence required under subsection (b)(1); or if the embassies and physical presence required in subsection (b)(1) have not been established, a justification for such failure to comply with such requirement.” It is the policy of the United States that the Department of State, in coordination with the Department of Defense and the United States Agency for International Development, should address global fragility, as required by the Global Fragility Act of 2019 [ 22 U.S.C. 9801 et seq.] and, to the extent practicable, incorporate efforts to identify, prevent, and respond to the causes of atrocities, as required by section 3 of the Elie Wiesel Genocide and Atrocities Prevention Act of 2018 [ Pub. L. 115–441 ] ( 22 U.S.C. 2656 note), into security assistance and cooperation planning and implementation for covered foreign countries. The Secretary of State, in consultation with chiefs of mission and the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, shall ensure that the Department of State’s Atrocity Assessment Framework is factored into the Integrated Country Strategy and the Country Development Cooperation Strategy where appropriate for covered foreign countries. The amendment made by paragraph (1) shall take effect and apply beginning with the first report required under section 5 of the Elie Wiesel Genocide and Atrocities Prevention Act of 2018 that is required after the date of the enactment of this Act [ Jan. 1, 2021 ]. Consistent with section 504(b) of the Global Fragility Act of 2019 ( 22 U.S.C. 9803(b) ), the Secretary of State and other relevant agencies should consult with credible representatives of civil society with experience in atrocities prevention and national and local governance entities, as well as relevant international development organizations with experience implementing programs in fragile and violence-affected communities, multilateral organizations and donors, and relevant private, academic, and philanthropic entities, as appropriate, in identifying covered foreign countries as defined in this section. the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Armed Services of the House of Representatives; and the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Armed Services of the Senate. The term ‘covered foreign country’ means a foreign country that is not listed as a priority country under section 505 of the Global Fragility Act of 2019 ( 22 U.S.C. 9804 ) but remains among the top 30 most at risk countries for new onset of mass killing, according to the Department of State’s internal assessments, and in consultation with the appropriate congressional committees.” regard the prevention of atrocities as in its national interest; work with partners and allies, including to build their capacity, and enhance the capacity of the United States, to identify, prevent, and respond to the causes of atrocities, including insecurity, mass displacement, violent conflict, and other conditions that may lead to such atrocities; and strengthening the diplomatic, risk analysis and monitoring, strategic planning, early warning, and response capacities of the Government; improving the use of foreign assistance to respond early, effectively, and urgently in order to address the causes of atrocities; strengthening diplomatic response and the effective use of foreign assistance to support appropriate transitional justice measures, including criminal accountability, for past atrocities; supporting and strengthening local civil society, including human rights defenders and others working to help prevent and respond to atrocities; promoting financial transparency and enhancing anti-corruption initiatives as part of addressing causes of conditions that may lead to atrocities; and placing a high priority on timely, preventive diplomatic efforts; and exercising leadership in promoting international efforts to prevent atrocities. the term ‘genocide’ means an offense under subsection (a) of section 1091 of title 18 , United States Code; the term ‘atrocities’ means war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide; the term ‘transitional justice’ means the range of judicial, nonjudicial, formal, informal, retributive, and restorative measures employed by countries transitioning out of armed conflict or repressive regimes to redress legacies of atrocities and to promote long-term, sustainable peace; and the term ‘war crime’ has the meaning given the term in section 2441(c) of title 18 , United States Code. “Nothing in this Act shall be construed as authorizing the use of military force.” secures the vital national security interests of the United States and our allies and partners; promotes American prosperity and economic interests by advancing economic growth and development of a rules-based Indo-Pacific economic community; advances American influence by reflecting the values of the American people and universal human rights; supports functional problem-solving regional architecture; and accords with and supports the rule of law and international norms. to confront common challenges; to improve information sharing; to increase defense investment and trade; to ensure interoperability; and to strengthen shared capabilities; share mutual respect for the rule of law; agree with fair and reciprocal trade; and understand the importance of civil society, the rule of law, the free and reliable flow of information, and transparent governance; to support functional problem-solving regional architecture, including through the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, and the East Asia Summit; to freedom of navigation under international law; to promote peaceful resolutions of maritime and territorial disputes; and to expand security and defense cooperation with allies and partners, as appropriate; to pursue diplomatic measures to achieve complete, verifiable, and irreversible denuclearization of North Korea; to improve civil society, strengthen the rule of law, and advocate for transparent governance; to develop and grow the economy through private sector partnerships between the United States and Indo-Pacific partners; to pursue multilateral and bilateral trade agreements in a free, fair, and reciprocal manner and build a network of partners in the Indo-Pacific committed to free markets; to pursue high-quality and transparent infrastructure projects; to maintain unimpeded commerce, open sea lines or air ways, and communication; and to seek the peaceful resolution of disputes; and to sustain a strong military presence in the Indo-Pacific region and strengthen security relationships with allies and partners throughout the region.” “This Act may be cited as the ‘Iraq and Syria Genocide Relief and Accountability Act of 2018’. The Secretary of State of State [sic] declared on March 17, 2016 , and on August 15, 2017 , that Daesh (also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria or ISIS) is responsible for genocide, crimes against humanity, and other atrocity crimes against religious and ethnic minority groups in Iraq and Syria, including Christians, Yezidis, and Shia, among other religious and ethnic groups. the number of Christians living in Iraq has dropped from an estimated 800,000 to 1,400,000 in 2002 to fewer than 250,000 in 2017; and the number of Yezidis living in Iraq has fluctuated from 500,000 in 2013, to between 350,000 and 400,000 in 2016, and between 600,000 and 750,000 in 2017. Christian communities living in Syria, which had accounted for between 8 and 10 percent of Syria’s total population in 2010, are now ‘considerably’ smaller as a result of the civil war, and there was a population of approximately 80,000 Yezidis before the commencement of the conflict in Syria. Local communities and entities have sought to mitigate the impact of violence directed against religious and ethnic minorities in Iraq and Syria, including the Chaldean Catholic Archdiocese of Erbil (Kurdistan Region of Iraq), which has used predominantly private funds to provide assistance to internally displaced Christians, Yezidis, and Muslims throughout the greater Erbil region, while significant needs and diminishing resources have made it increasingly difficult to continue these efforts. the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate; the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate; the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate; the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate; the Select Committee on Intelligence of the Senate; the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives; the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives; the Committee on Homeland Security of the House of Representatives; the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives; and the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence of the House of Representatives. The term ‘foreign terrorist organization’ mean an organization designated by the Secretary of State as a foreign terrorist organization pursuant to section 219(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1189(a) ). The term ‘humanitarian, stabilization, and recovery needs’, with respect to an individual, includes water, sanitation, hygiene, food security and nutrition, shelter and housing, reconstruction, medical, education, psychosocial needs, and other assistance to address basic human needs, including stabilization assistance (as defined by the Stabilization Assistance Review in ‘A Framework for Maximizing the Effectiveness of U.S. Government Efforts to Stabilize Conflict-Affected Areas, 2018[’]). The term ‘hybrid court’ means a court with a combination of domestic and international lawyers, judges, and personnel. The term ‘internationalized domestic court’ means a domestic court with the support of international advisers. “It is the policy of the United States to ensure that assistance for humanitarian, stabilization, and recovery needs of individuals who are or were nationals and residents of Iraq or Syria, and of communities in and from those countries, is directed toward those individuals and communities with the greatest need, including those individuals from communities of religious and ethnic minorities, and communities of religious and ethnic minorities, that the Secretary of State declared were targeted for genocide, crimes against humanity, or war crimes, and have been identified as being at risk of persecution, forced migration, genocide, crimes against humanity, or war crimes. conducting criminal investigations; developing indigenous investigative and judicial skills, including by partnering, directly mentoring, and providing necessary equipment and infrastructure to effectively adjudicating cases consistent with due process and respect for the rule of law; and collecting and preserving evidence and the chain of evidence, including for use in prosecutions in domestic courts, hybrid courts, and internationalized domestic courts, consistent with the activities described in subsection (b). to include information in appropriate security databases and security screening procedures of such countries to identify suspected ISIS members for whom credible evidence exists of having committed genocide, crimes against humanity, or war crimes, and their constituent crimes, in Iraq; and to apprehend and prosecute such ISIS members for genocide, crimes against humanity, or war crimes, as appropriate. In carrying out subsection (a), the Secretary of State shall consult with and consider credible information from entities described in such subsection. threats of persecution and other early-warning indicators of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes against individuals who are or were nationals and residents of Iraq or Syria, are members of religious or ethnic minority groups in such countries, and against whom the Secretary of State has determined ISIS has committed genocide, crimes against humanity, or war crimes; the religious and ethnic minority groups in Iraq or Syria identified pursuant to paragraph (1) that are at risk of forced migration, within or across the borders of Iraq, Syria, or a country of first asylum, and the primary reasons for such risk; to address the humanitarian, stabilization, and recovery needs of such individuals; and to mitigate the risks of forced migration of such individuals; and assistance provided through the Funding Facility for Immediate Stabilization and Funding Facility for Expanded Stabilization; and the entities, including faith-based entities, that are providing assistance to address the humanitarian, stabilization, and recovery needs of individuals described in paragraphs (1) and (2); and the extent to which the United States is providing assistance to or through the entities referred to in subparagraph (A). individuals described in paragraphs (1) and (2) of such subsection; and the entities described in paragraph (4)(A) of such subsection. The Secretary of State and the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development are authorized to provide assistance, including financial and technical assistance as necessary and appropriate, to support the entities described in subsection (a)(4)(A). a detailed description of the efforts taken, and efforts proposed to be taken, to implement the provisions of this Act; the feasibility and advisability of prosecuting ISIS members for whom credible evidence exists of having committed genocide, crimes against humanity, or war crimes in Iraq, including in domestic courts in Iraq, hybrid courts, and internationalized domestic courts; and to ensure effective criminal investigations of such individuals; and to effectively collect and preserve evidence, and preserve the chain of evidence, for prosecution; and recommendations for legislative remedies and administrative actions to facilitate the implementation of this Act. The report required under subsection (a) shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may contain a classified annex, if necessary.” The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States concluded that the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has ‘been a problematic ally in combating Islamic extremism. At the level of high policy, Saudi Arabia’s leaders cooperated with American diplomatic initiatives aimed at the Taliban or Pakistan before 9/11. At the same time, Saudi Arabia’s society was a place where al Qaeda raised money directly from individuals and through charities. It was the society that produced 15 of the 19 hijackers.’. Saudi Arabia has an uneven record in the fight against terrorism, especially with respect to terrorist financing, support for radical madrassas, a lack of political outlets for its citizens, and restrictions on religious pluralism, that poses a threat to the security of the United States, the international community, and Saudi Arabia itself. The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States concluded that the ‘problems in the U.S.-Saudi relationship must be confronted, openly’. It recommended that the two countries build a relationship that includes a ‘shared commitment to political and economic reform . . . and a shared interest in greater tolerance and cultural respect, translating into a commitment to fight the violent extremists who foment hatred’. The United States has a national security interest in working with the Government of Saudi Arabia to combat international terrorists that operate within that country or that operate outside Saudi Arabia with the support of citizens of Saudi Arabia. The United States and Saudi Arabia established a Strategic Dialogue in 2005, which provides a framework for the two countries to discuss a range of bilateral issues at high levels, including counterterrorism policy and political and economic reforms. It is in the national security interest of the United States to support the Government of Saudi Arabia in undertaking a number of political and economic reforms, including increasing anti-terrorism operations conducted by law enforcement agencies, providing more political and religious rights to its citizens, increasing the rights of women, engaging in comprehensive educational reform, enhancing monitoring of charitable organizations, and promulgating and enforcing domestic laws and regulation on terrorist financing. to engage with the Government of Saudi Arabia to openly confront the issue of terrorism, as well as other problematic issues such as the lack of political freedoms; to enhance counterterrorism cooperation with the Government of Saudi Arabia; and to support the efforts of the Government of Saudi Arabia to make political, economic, and social reforms, including greater religious freedom, throughout the country. to engage with the Government of Saudi Arabia to facilitate political, economic, and social reforms, including greater religious freedom, that will enhance the ability of the Government of Saudi Arabia to combat international terrorism; and to work with the Government of Saudi Arabia to combat terrorism, including through effective measures to prevent and prohibit the financing of terrorists by Saudi institutions and citizens; and whether Saudi Arabia has become a party to the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism; and the activities and authority of the Saudi Nongovernmental National Commission for Relief and Charity Work Abroad. The report required by paragraph (1) shall be transmitted in unclassified form, but may include a classified annex, if necessary.” Long-term success in the war on terrorism demands the use of all elements of national power, including diplomacy, military action, intelligence, covert action, law enforcement, economic policy, foreign aid, public diplomacy, and homeland defense. To win the war on terrorism, the United States must assign to economic and diplomatic capabilities the same strategic priority that is assigned to military capabilities. The legislative and executive branches of the Government of the United States must commit to robust, long-term investments in all of the tools necessary for the foreign policy of the United States to successfully accomplish the goals of the United States. The investments referred to in paragraph (3) will require increased funding to United States foreign affairs programs in general, and to priority areas as described in this title [see Tables for classification] in particular.” Almost every aspect of the counterterrorism strategy of the United States relies on international cooperation. Since September 11, 2001 , the number and scope of United States Government contacts with foreign governments concerning counterterrorism have expanded significantly, but such contacts have often been ad hoc and not integrated as a comprehensive and unified approach to counterterrorism. The Secretary of State is authorized in consultation with relevant United States Government agencies, to negotiate on a bilateral or multilateral basis, as appropriate, international agreements under which parties to an agreement work in partnership to address and interdict acts of international terrorism. should seek to engage the leaders of the governments of other countries in a process of advancing beyond separate and uncoordinated national counterterrorism strategies to develop with those other governments a comprehensive multilateral strategy to fight terrorism; and to that end, should seek to establish an international counterterrorism policy contact group with the leaders of governments providing leadership in global counterterrorism efforts and governments of countries with sizable Muslim populations, to be used as a ready and flexible international means for discussing and coordinating the development of important counterterrorism policies by the participating governments. To meet annually, or more frequently as the President determines appropriate, to develop in common with such other governments important policies and a strategy that address the various components of international prosecution of the war on terrorism, including policies and a strategy that address military issues, law enforcement, the collection, analysis, and dissemination of intelligence, issues relating to interdiction of travel by terrorists, counterterrorism-related customs issues, financial issues, and issues relating to terrorist sanctuaries. To address, to the extent (if any) that the President and leaders of other participating governments determine appropriate, long-term issues that can contribute to strengthening stability and security in the Middle East.” International terrorists travel across international borders to raise funds, recruit members, train for operations, escape capture, communicate, and plan and carry out attacks. The international terrorists who planned and carried out the attack on the World Trade Center on February 26, 1993 , the attack on the embassies of the United States in Kenya and Tanzania on August 7, 1998 , the attack on the USS Cole on October 12, 2000 , and the attack on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001 , traveled across international borders to plan and carry out these attacks. The international terrorists who planned other attacks on the United States, including the plot to bomb New York City landmarks in 1993, the plot to bomb the New York City subway in 1997, and the millennium plot to bomb Los Angeles International Airport on December 31, 1999 , traveled across international borders to plan and carry out these attacks. Many of the international terrorists who planned and carried out large-scale attacks against foreign targets, including the attack in Bali, Indonesia, on October 11, 2002 , and the attack in Madrid, Spain, on March 11, 2004 , traveled across international borders to plan and carry out these attacks. Throughout the 1990s, international terrorists, including those involved in the attack on the World Trade Center on February 26, 1993 , the plot to bomb New York City landmarks in 1993, and the millennium plot to bomb Los Angeles International Airport on December 31, 1999 , traveled on fraudulent passports and often had more than 1 passport. Two of the September 11, 2001 , hijackers were carrying passports that had been manipulated in a fraudulent manner. The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, (commonly referred to as the 9/11 Commission), stated that ‘Targeting travel is at least as powerful a weapon against terrorists as targeting their money.’. The President should lead efforts to track and curtail the travel of terrorists by supporting the drafting, adoption, and implementation of international agreements, and relevant United Nations Security Council resolutions to track and stop international travel by terrorists and other criminals through the use of lost, stolen, or falsified documents to augment United Nations and other international anti-terrorism efforts. share information on lost, stolen, and fraudulent passports and other travel documents for the purposes of preventing the undetected travel of persons using such passports and other travel documents that were obtained improperly; establish and implement a real-time verification system of passports and other travel documents with issuing authorities; share with officials at ports of entry in any such country information relating to lost, stolen, and fraudulent passports and other travel documents; the falsification or counterfeiting of travel documents or breeder documents for any purpose; the use or attempted use of false documents to obtain a visa or cross a border for any purpose; the possession of tools or implements used to falsify or counterfeit such documents; the trafficking in false or stolen travel documents and breeder documents for any purpose; the facilitation of travel by a terrorist; and attempts to commit, including conspiracies to commit, the crimes specified in subclauses (I) through (V); to impose significant penalties to appropriately punish violations and effectively deter the crimes specified in clause (i); and whose identity is proven to the issuing authority; who have a bona fide entitlement to or need for such documents; and who are not issued such documents principally on account of a disproportional payment made by them or on their behalf to the issuing authority; provide technical assistance to countries to help them fully implement such measures; and to confiscate a lost, stolen, or falsified passport at ports of entry; to permit the traveler to return to the sending country without being in possession of the lost, stolen, or falsified passport; and to detain and investigate such traveler upon the return of the traveler to the sending country. The United States shall lead efforts to track and curtail the travel of terrorists by supporting efforts at the International Civil Aviation Organization to continue to strengthen the security features of passports and other travel documents. Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act [ Dec. 17, 2004 ], and at least annually thereafter, the President shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report on progress toward achieving the goals described in subsection (b). Paragraph (1) shall cease to be effective when the President certifies to the Committee on International Relations [now Committee on Foreign Affairs] of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate that the goals described in subsection (b) have been fully achieved.” “This subtitle may be cited as the ‘East Timor Transition to Independence Act of 2002’. support the development of civil society, including nongovernmental organizations in East Timor; promote the development of an independent news media; support job creation, including support for small business and microenterprise programs, environmental protection, sustainable development, development of East Timor’s health care infrastructure, educational programs, and programs strengthening the role of women in society; promote reconciliation, conflict resolution, and prevention of further conflict with respect to East Timor, including establishing accountability for past gross human rights violations; support the voluntary and safe repatriation and reintegration of refugees into East Timor; support political party development, voter education, voter registration, and other activities in support of free and fair elections in East Timor; and promote the development of the rule of law. There is authorized to be appropriated to the President to carry out this section $25,000,000 for the fiscal year 2003. Amounts appropriated pursuant to the authorization of appropriations under paragraph (1) are authorized to remain available until expended. “The Secretary of the Treasury shall instruct the United States executive director at each international financial institution to which the United States is a member to use the voice, vote, and influence of the United States to support economic and democratic development in East Timor. The President should initiate negotiations with the Government of East Timor to enter into a new agreement authorizing the Overseas Private Investment Corporation [now the United States International Development Finance Corporation] to carry out programs with respect to East Timor in order to expand United States investment in East Timor, emphasizing partnerships with local East Timorese enterprises. The Director of the Trade and Development Agency is authorized to carry out projects in East Timor under section 661 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 ( 22 U.S.C. 2421 ). There are authorized to be appropriated to the Trade and Development Agency to carry out this subsection $1,000,000 for fiscal year 2003. Amounts appropriated pursuant to the authorization of appropriations under subparagraph (A) are authorized to remain available until expended. The Export-Import Bank of the United States should expand its activities in connection with exports to East Timor to the extent such activities are requested and to the extent there is a reasonable assurance of repayment. “As soon as possible after the enactment of this Act [ Sept. 30, 2002 ], the United States Trade Representative and the Commissioner of Customs should send an assessment team to East Timor to compile a list of duty-free eligible products so that the Government of East Timor can begin the process of applying for General System of Preference benefits. “The Broadcasting Board of Governors [now United States Agency for Global Media] should broadcast to East Timor in an appropriate language or languages. the extent to which East Timor’s security needs can be met by the transfer of excess defense articles under section 516 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [ 22 U.S.C. 2321j ]; the extent to which international military education and training (IMET) assistance will enhance professionalism of the armed forces of East Timor, provide training in human rights, and promote respect for human rights and humanitarian law; and the terms and conditions under which such defense articles or training, as appropriate, should be provided. Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [ Sept. 30, 2002 ], the President shall transmit to the appropriate congressional committees a report that contains the findings of the study conducted under paragraph (1). to transfer excess defense articles under section 516 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 ( 22 U.S.C. 2321j ) to East Timor in accordance with such section; and to provide military education and training under chapter 5 of part II of such Act ( 22 U.S.C. 2347 et seq.) for the armed forces of East Timor in accordance with such chapter. East Timor has established an independent armed forces; and is in the national security interests of the United States; and will promote both human rights in East Timor and the professionalization of the armed forces of East Timor. Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act [ Sept. 30, 2002 ], and every 12 months thereafter for the next five years, the Secretary shall prepare and transmit to the appropriate congressional committees a report that contains the information described in subsection (b). developments in East Timor’s political and economic situation in the period covered by the report, including an evaluation of any elections which have occurred in East Timor and the refugee reintegration process in East Timor; in the initial report, a 3-year plan for United States foreign assistance to East Timor in accordance with section 632, prepared by the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, which outlines the goals for United States foreign assistance to East Timor during the 3-year period; a description of the activities undertaken in East Timor by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the Asian Development Bank, and other international financial institutions, and an evaluation of the effectiveness of these activities; an assessment of the status of United States trade and investment relations with East Timor, including a detailed analysis of any trade and investment-related activity supported by the Overseas Private Investment Corporation [now the United States International Development Finance Corporation], the Export-Import Bank of the United States, or the Trade and Development Agency during the period of time since the previous report; a comprehensive study and report on local agriculture in East Timor, emerging opportunities for producing, processing, and exporting indigenous agricultural products, and recommendations for appropriate technical assistance from the United States; and statistical data drawn from other sources on economic growth, health, education, and distribution of resources in East Timor.” A sanctioned country, entity, or municipality described in this section [ 114 Stat. 1900 A–46] is one whose competent authorities have failed, as determined by the Secretary of State, to take necessary and significant steps to apprehend and transfer to the Tribunal all persons who have been publicly indicted by the Tribunal. The Secretary of State shall establish and maintain a current record of the location, including the municipality, if known, of publicly indicted war criminals and a current record of sanctioned countries, entities, and municipalities. The Director of Central Intelligence and the Secretary of Defense should collect and provide to the Secretary of State information concerning the location, including the municipality, of publicly indicted war criminals. The Secretary of State shall request that the Tribunal and other international organizations and governments provide the Secretary of State information concerning the location, including the municipality, of publicly indicted war criminals and concerning country, entity and municipality authorities known to have obstructed the work of the Tribunal. Repealed. Pub. L. 112–74, div. I, title VII, § 7034(n) , Dec. 23, 2011 , 125 Stat. 1217 .] Upon the request of the chairman or ranking minority member of any of the appropriate congressional committees, the Secretary of State shall make available to that committee the information recorded under paragraph (1) in a report submitted to the committee in classified and unclassified form. The term ‘country’ means Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, and Serbia. The term ‘entity’ refers to the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosova, Montenegro, and the Republika Srpska. The term ‘Dayton Agreement’ means the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, together with annexes relating thereto, done at Dayton, November 10 through 16, 1995. The term ‘Tribunal’ means the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. In carrying out this section, the Secretary of State, the Administrator of the Agency for International Development, and the executive directors of the international financial institutions shall consult with representatives of human rights organizations and all government agencies with relevant information to help prevent publicly indicted war criminals from benefiting from any financial or technical assistance or grants provided to any country or entity described in subsection (e).” The Secretary of State shall establish and maintain a registry which shall, to the extent practicable, provide information on all political prisoners, prisoners of conscience, and prisoners of faith in the People’s Republic of China. The registry shall be known as the ‘Prisoner Information Registry for the People’s Republic of China’. The registry required by subsection (a) shall include information on the charges, judicial processes, administrative actions, uses of forced labor, incidents of torture, lengths of imprisonment, physical and health conditions, and other matters associated with the incarceration of prisoners in the People’s Republic of China referred to in that subsection. The Secretary may make a grant to nongovernmental organizations currently engaged in monitoring activities regarding political prisoners in the People’s Republic of China in order to assist in the establishment and maintenance of the registry required by subsection (a).” it is the sense of the Congress that the United States should seek to establish a dialogue with those recognized by Congress as the true representatives of the Tibetan people, the Dalai Lama, his representatives and the Tibetan Government in exile, concerning the situation in Tibet and the future of the Tibetan people and to expand and strengthen United States-Tibet cultural and educational relations, including promoting bilateral exchanges arranged directly with the Tibetan Government in exile; and not later than 6 months after the date of enactment of this Act [ Apr. 30, 1994 ], and every 12 months thereafter, the Secretary of State shall transmit to the Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Speaker of the House of Representatives a report on the state of relations between the United States and those recognized by Congress as the true representatives of the Tibetan people, the Dalai Lama, his representatives and the Tibetan Government in exile, and on conditions in Tibet. It is the sense of the Congress that whenever a report is transmitted to the Congress on a country-by-country basis there should be included in such report, where applicable, a separate report on Tibet listed alphabetically with its own state heading. The reports referred to in paragraph (1) include, but are not limited to, reports transmitted under sections 116(d) and 502B(b) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [ 22 U.S.C. 2151n(d) , 2304(b)] (relating to human rights).” “This part may be cited as the ‘Cambodian Genocide Justice Act’. Consistent with international law, it is the policy of the United States to support efforts to bring to justice members of the Khmer Rouge for their crimes against humanity committed in Cambodia between April 17, 1975 , and January 7, 1979 . to collect, or assist appropriate organizations and individuals to collect relevant data on crimes of genocide committed in Cambodia; in circumstances which the President deems appropriate, to encourage the establishment of a national or international criminal tribunal for the prosecution of those accused of genocide in Cambodia; and as necessary, to provide such national or international tribunal with information collected pursuant to paragraph (1). None of the funds authorized to be appropriated by this Act for ‘Diplomatic and Consular Programs’ shall be available for obligation or expenditure during fiscal years 1994 and 1995 unless, not later than 90 days after the date of enactment of this Act [ Apr. 30, 1994 ], the Secretary of State has established within the Department of State under the Assistant Secretary for East Asia and Pacific Affairs (or any successor Assistant Secretary) the Office of Cambodian Genocide Investigation (hereafter in this part referred to as the ‘Office’). The Office may carry out its activities inside or outside of Cambodia, except that not less than 75 percent of the funds made available for the Office and its activities shall be used to carry out activities within Cambodia. to investigate crimes against humanity committed by national Khmer Rouge leaders during that period; to provide the people of Cambodia with access to documents, records, and other evidence held by the Office as a result of such investigation; to submit the relevant data to a national or international penal tribunal that may be convened to formally hear and judge the genocidal acts committed by the Khmer Rouge; and to develop the United States proposal for the establishment of an international criminal tribunal for the prosecution of those accused of genocide in Cambodia. The Secretary of State shall, subject to the availability of appropriations, contract with appropriate individuals and organizations to carry out the purpose of the Office. The Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives shall be notified of any exercise of the authority of section 34 of the State Department Basic Authorities Act of 1956 [ 22 U.S.C. 2706 ] with respect to the Office or any of its programs, projects, or activities at least 15 days in advance in accordance with procedures applicable to notifications under that section. that describes the activities of the Office, and sets forth new facts learned about past Khmer Rouge practices, during the preceding 6-month period; and that describes the steps the President has taken during the preceding 6-month period to promote human rights, to support efforts to bring to justice the national political and military leadership of the Khmer Rouge, and to prevent the recurrence of human rights abuses in Cambodia through actions which are not related to United Nations activities in Cambodia. For purposes of this section, the term ‘appropriate congressional committees’ means the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives.” for publicity or propaganda purposes designed to support or defeat legislation pending before Congress; to influence in any way the outcome of a political election in the United States; or for any publicity or propaganda purposes not authorized by Congress.” The United States chief of mission to a foreign country in which there is not respect for freedom of the press shall actively promote respect for freedom of the press in that country. allows foreign news correspondents into the country and does not subject them to harassment or restrictions; allows nongovernment-owned press to operate in the country; and does not subject the press in the country to systematic censorship.” to instruct the Permanent Representative of the United States to the United Nations to continue to raise the issue of torture practiced by governments; and to continue to involve the United States Government in the formulation of international standards and effective implementing mechanisms, particularly the draft Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. to examine allegations of the practice of torture, particularly allegations concerning the existence of secret detention, extended incommunicado detention, and restrictions on access by family members, lawyers, and independent medical personnel to detainees; and to forward such information as may be gathered, including information regarding any efforts made by the host government to reduce and eliminate the practice of torture, to the Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs for analysis in preparing the Department’s annual country reports on human rights practices; in the case of a chief of mission assigned to a country where torture is regularly practiced, instructions to report on a periodic basis as circumstances require to the Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs regarding efforts made by the respective United States diplomatic mission to implement United States policy with respect to combating torture; instructions to meet with indigenous human rights monitoring groups knowledgeable about the practice of torture for the purpose of gathering information about such practice; and instructions to express concern in individual cases of torture brought to the attention of a United States diplomatic mission including, whenever feasible, sending United States observers to trials when there is reason to believe that torture has been used against the accused. The Secretary of Commerce should continue to enforce vigorously the current restrictions on the export of crime control equipment pursuant to the Export Administration Act of 1979 [ 50 U.S.C. 4601 et seq.]. The heads of the appropriate departments of the United States Government that furnish military and law enforcement training to foreign personnel, particularly personnel from countries where the practice of torture has been a documented concern, shall include in such training, when relevant, instruction regarding international human rights standards and the policy of the United States with respect to torture.” None of the funds made available under this [ Pub. L. 97–241 ] or any other Act for ‘Administration of Foreign Affairs’ may be used for the establishment or operation of any United States consulate that did not exist on the date of enactment of this Act [ Aug. 24, 1982 ] (other than the consulates specified in subsection (c)) until all the United States consulates specified in subsection (c) have been reopened as required by section 108 of the Department of State Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1980 and 1981 [ section 108 of Pub. L. 96–60 , set out as a note below], to the extent such reopening is authorized by the foreign government involved. The consulates referred to in subsections (a) [ section 103(a) of Pub. L. 97–241 , which was not classified to the Code] and (b) of this section are the consulates in the following locations: Turin, Italy; Salzburg, Austria; Goteborg, Sweden; Bremen, Germany; Nice, France; Mandalay, Burma; and Brisbane, Australia.” news dissemination and the free flow of information across national boundaries are vital to international understanding and to healthy relations among countries; and recurring and reliable reports strongly indicate that in many countries foreign news correspondents are subject to governmental harassment and restriction, including the denial of access to legitimate news sources, the imposition of censorship, and detention, incarceration, and expulsion. advise the appropriate officials of any foreign government which subjects foreign news correspondents to harassment and restrictions that the United States considers such mistreatment a significant and potentially damaging factor in overall relations of the United States with such country; and raise in appropriate international forums the issue of the treatment of foreign news correspondents, with a view toward gaining multilateral support for the legitimate rights of such correspondents. ”