15 U.S.C. § 78o: Registration of nationally recognized statistical rating organizations

A credit rating agency that elects to be treated as a nationally recognized statistical rating organization for purposes of this chapter (in this section referred to as the “applicant”), shall furnish to the Commission an application for registration, in such form as the Commission shall require, by rule or regulation issued in accordance with subsection (n), and containing the information described in subparagraph (B). credit ratings performance measurement statistics over short-term, mid-term, and long-term periods (as applicable) of the applicant; the procedures and methodologies that the applicant uses in determining credit ratings; policies or procedures adopted and implemented by the applicant to prevent the misuse, in violation of this chapter (or the rules and regulations hereunder), of material, nonpublic information; the organizational structure of the applicant; whether or not the applicant has in effect a code of ethics, and if not, the reasons therefor; any conflict of interest relating to the issuance of credit ratings by the applicant; the categories described in any of clauses (i) through (v) of section 78c(a)(62)(B) of this title with respect to which the applicant intends to apply for registration under this section; on a confidential basis, a list of the 20 largest issuers and subscribers that use the credit rating services of the applicant, by amount of net revenues received therefrom in the fiscal year immediately preceding the date of submission of the application; on a confidential basis, as to each applicable category of obligor described in any of clauses (i) through (v) of section 78c(a)(62)(B) of this title , written certifications described in subparagraph (C), except as provided in subparagraph (D); and any other information and documents concerning the applicant and any person associated with such applicant as the Commission, by rule, may prescribe as necessary or appropriate in the public interest or for the protection of investors. shall be provided from not fewer than 10 qualified institutional buyers, none of which is affiliated with the applicant; may address more than one category of obligors described in any of clauses (i) through (v) of section 78c(a)(62)(B) of this title ; shall include not fewer than 2 certifications for each such category of obligor; and meets the definition of a qualified institutional buyer under section 78c(a)(64) of this title ; and has used the credit ratings of the applicant for at least the 3 years immediately preceding the date of the certification in the subject category or categories of obligors. A written certification under subparagraph (B)(ix) is not required with respect to any credit rating agency which has received, or been the subject of, a no-action letter from the staff of the Commission prior to August 2, 2006 , stating that such staff would not recommend enforcement action against any broker or dealer that considers credit ratings issued by such credit rating agency to be ratings from a nationally recognized statistical rating organization. No qualified institutional buyer shall be liable in any private right of action for any opinion or statement expressed in a certification made pursuant to subparagraph (B)(ix). by order, grant such registration for ratings in the subject category or categories of obligors, as described in clauses (i) through (v) of section 78c(a)(62)(B) of this title ; or institute proceedings to determine whether registration should be denied. include notice of the grounds for denial under consideration and an opportunity for hearing; and be concluded not later than 120 days after the date on which the application for registration is furnished to the Commission under paragraph (1). At the conclusion of such proceedings, the Commission, by order, shall grant or deny such application for registration. The Commission may extend the time for conclusion of such proceedings for not longer than 90 days, if it finds good cause for such extension and publishes its reasons for so finding, or for such longer period as to which the applicant consents. if the Commission finds that the requirements of this section are satisfied; and the applicant does not have adequate financial and managerial resources to consistently produce credit ratings with integrity and to materially comply with the procedures and methodologies disclosed under paragraph (1)(B) and with subsections (g), (h), (i), and (j); or if the applicant were so registered, its registration would be subject to suspension or revocation under subsection (d). Subject to section 78x of this title , the Commission shall, by rule, require a nationally recognized statistical rating organization, upon the granting of registration under this section, to make the information and documents submitted to the Commission in its completed application for registration, or in any amendment submitted under paragraph (1) or (2) of subsection (b), publicly available on its website, or through another comparable, readily accessible means, except as provided in clauses (viii) and (ix) of paragraph (1)(B). the information required to be filed under subsection (a)(1)(B)(i) by filing information under this paragraph, but shall amend such information in the annual submission of the organization under paragraph (2) of this subsection; or the certifications required to be provided under subsection (a)(1)(B)(ix) by filing information under this paragraph. certifying that the information and documents in the application for registration of such nationally recognized statistical rating organization (other than the certifications required under subsection (a)(1)(B)(ix)) continue to be accurate; and listing any material change that occurred to such information or documents during the previous calendar year. includes in its application for registration under subsection (a)(1)(B)(ii); or makes and disseminates in reports pursuant to section 78q(a) of this title or the rules and regulations thereunder. The rules and regulations that the Commission may prescribe pursuant to this chapter, as they apply to nationally recognized statistical rating organizations, shall be narrowly tailored to meet the requirements of this chapter applicable to nationally recognized statistical rating organizations. Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, or any other provision of law, neither the Commission nor any State (or political subdivision thereof) may regulate the substance of credit ratings or the procedures and methodologies by which any nationally recognized statistical rating organization determines credit ratings. Nothing in this paragraph may be construed to afford a defense against any action or proceeding brought by the Commission to enforce the antifraud provisions of the securities laws. Each nationally recognized statistical rating organization shall establish, maintain, enforce, and document an effective internal control structure governing the implementation of and adherence to policies, procedures, and methodologies for determining credit ratings, taking into consideration such factors as the Commission may prescribe, by rule. a description of the responsibility of the management of the nationally recognized statistical rating organization in establishing and maintaining an effective internal control structure under subparagraph (A); an assessment of the effectiveness of the internal control structure of the nationally recognized statistical rating organization; and the attestation of the chief executive officer, or equivalent individual, of the nationally recognized statistical rating organization. has committed or omitted any act, or is subject to an order or finding, enumerated in subparagraph (A), (D), (E), (H), or (G) of section 78 o (b)(4) of this title, has been convicted of any offense specified in section 78 o (b)(4)(B) of this title, or is enjoined from any action, conduct, or practice specified in subparagraph (C) of section 78 o (b)(4) of this title, during the 10-year period preceding the date of commencement of the proceedings under this subsection, or at any time thereafter; any crime that is punishable by imprisonment for 1 or more years, and that is not described in section 78 o (b)(4)(B) of this title; or a substantially equivalent crime by a foreign court of competent jurisdiction; is subject to any order of the Commission barring or suspending the right of the person to be associated with a nationally recognized statistical rating organization; fails to file the certifications required under subsection (b)(2); fails to maintain adequate financial and managerial resources to consistently produce credit ratings with integrity; 1 1 So in original. The word “or” probably should appear. has failed reasonably to supervise, with a view to preventing a violation of the securities laws, an individual who commits such a violation, if the individual is subject to the supervision of that person. The Commission may temporarily suspend or permanently revoke the registration of a nationally recognized statistical rating organization with respect to a particular class or subclass of securities, if the Commission finds, on the record after notice and opportunity for hearing, that the nationally recognized statistical rating organization does not have adequate financial and managerial resources to consistently produce credit ratings with integrity. whether the nationally recognized statistical rating organization has failed over a sustained period of time, as determined by the Commission, to produce ratings that are accurate for that class or subclass of securities; and such other factors as the Commission may determine. A nationally recognized statistical rating organization may, upon such terms and conditions as the Commission may establish as necessary in the public interest or for the protection of investors, withdraw from registration by furnishing a written notice of withdrawal to the Commission. In addition to any other authority of the Commission under this chapter, if the Commission finds that a nationally recognized statistical rating organization is no longer in existence or has ceased to do business as a credit rating agency, the Commission, by order, shall cancel the registration under this section of such nationally recognized statistical rating organization. It shall be unlawful for any nationally recognized statistical rating organization to represent or imply in any manner whatsoever that such nationally recognized statistical rating organization has been designated, sponsored, recommended, or approved, or that the abilities or qualifications thereof have in any respect been passed upon, by the United States or any agency, officer, or employee thereof. It shall be unlawful for any credit rating agency that is not registered under this section as a nationally recognized statistical rating organization to state that such credit rating agency is a nationally recognized statistical rating organization registered under this chapter. No provision of paragraph (1) shall be construed to prohibit a statement that a nationally recognized statistical rating organization is a nationally recognized statistical rating organization under this chapter, if such statement is true in fact and if the effect of such registration is not misrepresented. Each nationally recognized statistical rating organization shall establish, maintain, and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed, taking into consideration the nature of the business of such nationally recognized statistical rating organization, to prevent the misuse in violation of this chapter, or the rules or regulations hereunder, of material, nonpublic information by such nationally recognized statistical rating organization or any person associated with such nationally recognized statistical rating organization. The Commission shall issue final rules in accordance with subsection (n) to require specific policies or procedures that are reasonably designed to prevent misuse in violation of this chapter (or the rules or regulations hereunder) of material, nonpublic information. Each nationally recognized statistical rating organization shall establish, maintain, and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed, taking into consideration the nature of the business of such nationally recognized statistical rating organization and affiliated persons and affiliated companies thereof, to address and manage any conflicts of interest that can arise from such business. the manner in which a nationally recognized statistical rating organization is compensated by the obligor, or any affiliate of the obligor, for issuing credit ratings or providing related services; the provision of consulting, advisory, or other services by a nationally recognized statistical rating organization, or any person associated with such nationally recognized statistical rating organization, to the obligor, or any affiliate of the obligor; business relationships, ownership interests, or any other financial or personal interests between a nationally recognized statistical rating organization, or any person associated with such nationally recognized statistical rating organization, and the obligor, or any affiliate of the obligor; any affiliation of a nationally recognized statistical rating organization, or any person associated with such nationally recognized statistical rating organization, with any person that underwrites the securities or money market instruments that are the subject of a credit rating; and any other potential conflict of interest, as the Commission deems necessary or appropriate in the public interest or for the protection of investors. The Commission shall issue rules to prevent the sales and marketing considerations of a nationally recognized statistical rating organization from influencing the production of ratings by the nationally recognized statistical rating organization. exceptions for small nationally recognized statistical rating organizations with respect to which the Commission determines that the separation of the production of ratings and sales and marketing activities is not appropriate; and the nationally recognized statistical rating organization has committed a violation of a rule issued under this subsection; and the violation of a rule issued under this subsection affected a rating. conduct a review to determine whether any conflicts of interest of the employee influenced the credit rating; and take action to revise the rating if appropriate, in accordance with such rules as the Commission shall prescribe. The Commission shall conduct periodic reviews of the policies described in subparagraph (A) and the implementation of the policies at each nationally recognized statistical rating organization to ensure they are reasonably designed and implemented to most effectively eliminate conflicts of interest. not less frequently than annually; and whenever such policies are materially modified or amended. was a senior officer of such organization; participated in any capacity in determining credit ratings for such obligor, issuer, underwriter, or sponsor; or supervised an employee described in clause (ii). Upon receiving such a report, the Commission shall make such information publicly available. conditioning or threatening to condition the issuance of a credit rating on the purchase by the obligor or an affiliate thereof of other services or products, including pre-credit rating assessment products, of the nationally recognized statistical rating organization or any person associated with such nationally recognized statistical rating organization; lowering or threatening to lower a credit rating on, or refusing to rate, securities or money market instruments issued by an asset pool or as part of any asset-backed or mortgage-backed securities transaction, unless a portion of the assets within such pool or part of such transaction, as applicable, also is rated by the nationally recognized statistical rating organization; or modifying or threatening to modify a credit rating or otherwise departing from its adopted systematic procedures and methodologies in determining credit ratings, based on whether the obligor, or an affiliate of the obligor, purchases or will purchase the credit rating or any other service or product of the nationally recognized statistical rating organization or any person associated with such organization. Nothing in paragraph (1), or in any rules or regulations adopted thereunder, may be construed to modify, impair, or supersede the operation of any of the antitrust laws (as defined in section 12 of this title , except that such term includes section 45 of this title , to the extent that such section 45 applies to unfair methods of competition). Each nationally recognized statistical rating organization shall designate an individual responsible for administering the policies and procedures that are required to be established pursuant to subsections (g) and (h), and for ensuring compliance with the securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder, including those promulgated by the Commission pursuant to this section. perform credit ratings; participate in the development of ratings methodologies or models; perform marketing or sales functions; or participate in establishing compensation levels, other than for employees working for that individual. The Commission may exempt a small nationally recognized statistical rating organization from the limitations under this paragraph, if the Commission finds that compliance with such limitations would impose an unreasonable burden on the nationally recognized statistical rating organization. complaints regarding credit ratings, models, methodologies, and compliance with the securities laws and the policies and procedures developed under this section; and confidential, anonymous complaints by employees or users of credit ratings. The compensation of each compliance officer appointed under paragraph (1) shall not be linked to the financial performance of the nationally recognized statistical rating organization and shall be arranged so as to ensure the independence of the officer’s judgment. a description of any material changes to the code of ethics and conflict of interest policies of the nationally recognized statistical rating organization; and a certification that the report is accurate and complete. Each nationally recognized statistical rating organization shall file the reports required under subparagraph (A) together with the financial report that is required to be submitted to the Commission under this section. Each nationally recognized statistical rating organization shall, on a confidential basis, file with the Commission, at intervals determined by the Commission, such financial statements, certified (if required by the rules or regulations of the Commission) by an independent public accountant, and information concerning its financial condition, as the Commission, by rule, may prescribe as necessary or appropriate in the public interest or for the protection of investors. On and after the effective date of this section, a credit rating agency may only be registered as a nationally recognized statistical rating organization for any purpose in accordance with this section. during Commission consideration of the application, if such entity has filed an application for registration under this section; and on and after the date of approval of its application for registration under this section; and the advice, approval, or no-action letter described in subparagraph (A) shall be void. Not later than 30 days after September 29, 2006 , the Commission shall give notice of the actions undertaken pursuant to this section to each Federal agency which employs in its rules and regulations the term “nationally recognized statistical rating organization” (as that term is used under Commission rule 15c3–1 (17 C.F.R. 240.15c3–1), as in effect on September 29, 2006 ). The enforcement and penalty provisions of this chapter shall apply to statements made by a credit rating agency in the same manner and to the same extent as such provisions apply to statements made by a registered public accounting firm or a securities analyst under the securities laws, and such statements shall not be deemed forward-looking statements for the purposes of section 78u–5 of this title . The Commission shall issue such rules as may be necessary to carry out this subsection. shall be issued by the Commission in final form, not later than 270 days after September 29, 2006 ; and shall become effective not later than 270 days after September 29, 2006 . review its existing rules and regulations which employ the term “nationally recognized statistical rating organization” or “NRSRO”; and amend or revise such rules and regulations in accordance with the purposes of this section, as the Commission may prescribe as necessary or appropriate in the public interest or for the protection of investors. No provision of the laws of any State or political subdivision thereof requiring the registration, licensing, or qualification as a credit rating agency or a nationally recognized statistical rating organization shall apply to any nationally recognized statistical rating organization or person employed by or working under the control of a nationally recognized statistical rating organization. Nothing in this subsection prohibits the securities commission (or any agency or office performing like functions) of any State from investigating and bringing an enforcement action with respect to fraud or deceit against any nationally recognized statistical rating organization or person associated with a nationally recognized statistical rating organization. with respect to the practices of nationally recognized statistical rating organizations in determining ratings, for the protection of users of credit ratings and in the public interest; to promote accuracy in credit ratings issued by nationally recognized statistical rating organizations; and to ensure that such ratings are not unduly influenced by conflicts of interest. The head of the Office shall be the Director, who shall report to the Chairman. The Office established under this subsection shall be staffed sufficiently to carry out fully the requirements of this section. The staff shall include persons with knowledge of and expertise in corporate, municipal, and structured debt finance. The Office shall conduct an examination of each nationally recognized statistical rating organization at least annually. whether the nationally recognized statistical rating organization conducts business in accordance with the policies, procedures, and rating methodologies of the nationally recognized statistical rating organization; the management of conflicts of interest by the nationally recognized statistical rating organization; implementation of ethics policies by the nationally recognized statistical rating organization; the internal supervisory controls of the nationally recognized statistical rating organization; the governance of the nationally recognized statistical rating organization; the activities of the individual designated by the nationally recognized statistical rating organization under subsection (j)(1); the processing of complaints by the nationally recognized statistical rating organization; and the policies of the nationally recognized statistical rating organization governing the post-employment activities of former staff of the nationally recognized statistical rating organization. the essential findings of all examinations conducted under subparagraph (A), as deemed appropriate by the Commission; the responses by the nationally recognized statistical rating organizations to any material regulatory deficiencies identified by the Commission under clause (i); and whether the nationally recognized statistical rating organizations have appropriately addressed the recommendations of the Commission contained in previous reports under this subparagraph. establish, by rule, fines, and other penalties applicable to any nationally recognized statistical rating organization that violates the requirements of this section and the rules thereunder; and issue such rules as may be necessary to carry out this section. The Commission shall, by rule, require that each nationally recognized statistical rating organization publicly disclose information on the initial credit ratings determined by the nationally recognized statistical rating organization for each type of obligor, security, and money market instrument, and any subsequent changes to such credit ratings, for the purpose of allowing users of credit ratings to evaluate the accuracy of ratings and compare the performance of ratings by different nationally recognized statistical rating organizations. are comparable among nationally recognized statistical rating organizations, to allow users of credit ratings to compare the performance of credit ratings across nationally recognized statistical rating organizations; are clear and informative for investors having a wide range of sophistication who use or might use credit ratings; include performance information over a range of years and for a variety of types of credit ratings, including for credit ratings withdrawn by the nationally recognized statistical rating organization; are published and made freely available by the nationally recognized statistical rating organization, on an easily accessible portion of its website, and in writing, when requested; are appropriate to the business model of a nationally recognized statistical rating organization; and each nationally recognized statistical rating organization include an attestation with any credit rating it issues affirming that no part of the rating was influenced by any other business activities, that the rating was based solely on the merits of the instruments being rated, and that such rating was an independent evaluation of the risks and merits of the instrument. approved by the board of the nationally recognized statistical rating organization, a body performing a function similar to that of a board; and in accordance with the policies and procedures of the nationally recognized statistical rating organization for the development and modification of credit rating procedures and methodologies; the changes are applied consistently to all credit ratings to which the changed procedures and methodologies apply; to the extent that changes are made to credit rating surveillance procedures and methodologies, the changes are applied to then-current credit ratings by the nationally recognized statistical rating organization within a reasonable time period determined by the Commission, by rule; and the nationally recognized statistical rating organization publicly discloses the reason for the change; and of the version of a procedure or methodology, including the qualitative methodology or quantitative inputs, used with respect to a particular credit rating; when a material change is made to a procedure or methodology, including to a qualitative model or quantitative inputs; when a significant error is identified in a procedure or methodology, including a qualitative or quantitative model, that may result in credit rating actions; and of the likelihood of a material change described in subparagraph (B) resulting in a change in current credit ratings. the assumptions underlying the credit rating procedures and methodologies; the data that was relied on to determine the credit rating; and if applicable, how the nationally recognized statistical rating organization used servicer or remittance reports, and with what frequency, to conduct surveillance of the credit rating; and information that can be used by investors and other users of credit ratings to better understand credit ratings in each class of credit rating issued by the nationally recognized statistical rating organization. be easy to use and helpful for users of credit ratings to understand the information contained in the report; require the nationally recognized statistical rating organization to provide the content described in paragraph (3)(B) in a manner that is directly comparable across types of securities; and be made readily available to users of credit ratings, in electronic or paper form, as the Commission may, by rule, determine. the credit ratings produced by the nationally recognized statistical rating organization; the main assumptions and principles used in constructing procedures and methodologies, including qualitative methodologies and quantitative inputs and assumptions about the correlation of defaults across underlying assets used in rating structured products; the potential limitations of the credit ratings, and the types of risks excluded from the credit ratings that the nationally recognized statistical rating organization does not comment on, including liquidity, market, and other risks; information on the reliability, accuracy, and quality of the data relied on in determining the credit rating; and any limits on the scope of historical data; and any limits in accessibility to certain documents or other types of information that would have better informed the credit rating; whether and to what extent third party due diligence services have been used by the nationally recognized statistical rating organization, a description of the information that such third party reviewed in conducting due diligence services, and a description of the findings or conclusions of such third party; a description of the data about any obligor, issuer, security, or money market instrument that were relied upon for the purpose of determining the credit rating; a statement containing an overall assessment of the quality of information available and considered in producing a rating for an obligor, security, or money market instrument, in relation to the quality of information available to the nationally recognized statistical rating organization in rating similar issuances; information relating to conflicts of interest of the nationally recognized statistical rating organization; and such additional information as the Commission may require. any factors that might lead to a change in the credit ratings; and the magnitude of the change that a user can expect under different market conditions; the historical performance of the rating; and the expected probability of default and the expected loss in the event of default; 5 assumptions made in the ratings process that, without accounting for any other factor, would have the greatest impact on a rating if the assumptions were proven false or inaccurate; and an analysis, using specific examples, of how each of the 5 assumptions identified under subclause (I) impacts a rating; 2 2 So in original. The word “and” probably should appear. such additional information as may be required by the Commission. The issuer or underwriter of any asset-backed security shall make publicly available the findings and conclusions of any third-party due diligence report obtained by the issuer or underwriter. In any case in which third-party due diligence services are employed by a nationally recognized statistical rating organization, an issuer, or an underwriter, the person providing the due diligence services shall provide to any nationally recognized statistical rating organization that produces a rating to which such services relate, written certification, as provided in subparagraph (C). The Commission shall establish the appropriate format and content for the written certifications required under subparagraph (B), to ensure that providers of due diligence services have conducted a thorough review of data, documentation, and other relevant information necessary for a nationally recognized statistical rating organization to provide an accurate rating. The Commission shall adopt rules requiring a nationally recognized statistical rating organization, at the time at which the nationally recognized statistical rating organization produces a rating, to disclose the certification described in subparagraph (B) to the public in a manner that allows the public to determine the adequacy and level of due diligence services provided by a third party. Each nationally recognized statistical rating organization shall have a board of directors. At least ½ of the board of directors, but not fewer than 2 of the members thereof, shall be independent of the nationally recognized statistical rating agency. A portion of the independent directors shall include users of ratings from a nationally recognized statistical rating organization. accept any consulting, advisory, or other compensatory fee from the nationally recognized statistical rating organization; or be a person associated with the nationally recognized statistical rating organization or with any affiliated company thereof; and shall be disqualified from any deliberation involving a specific rating in which the independent board member has a financial interest in the outcome of the rating. The compensation of the independent members of the board of directors of a nationally recognized statistical rating organization shall not be linked to the business performance of the nationally recognized statistical rating organization, and shall be arranged so as to ensure the independence of their judgment. The term of office of the independent directors shall be for a pre-agreed fixed period, not to exceed 5 years, and shall not be renewable. the establishment, maintenance, and enforcement of policies and procedures for determining credit ratings; the establishment, maintenance, and enforcement of policies and procedures to address, manage, and disclose any conflicts of interest; the effectiveness of the internal control system with respect to policies and procedures for determining credit ratings; and the compensation and promotion policies and practices of the nationally recognized statistical rating organization. at least ½ of the members of the committee (including the chairperson of the committee) are independent, as defined in this section; and at least 1 member of the committee is a user of ratings from a nationally recognized statistical rating organization. If the Commission finds that compliance with the provisions of this subsection present an unreasonable burden on a small nationally recognized statistical rating organization, the Commission may permit the nationally recognized statistical rating organization to delegate such responsibilities to a committee that includes at least one individual who is a user of ratings of a nationally recognized statistical rating organization. Each nationally recognized statistical rating organization shall refer to the appropriate law enforcement or regulatory authorities any information that the nationally recognized statistical rating organization receives from a third party and finds credible that alleges that an issuer of securities rated by the nationally recognized statistical rating organization has committed or is committing a material violation of law that has not been adjudicated by a Federal or State court. Nothing in paragraph (1) may be construed to require a nationally recognized statistical rating organization to verify the accuracy of the information described in paragraph (1). In producing a credit rating, a nationally recognized statistical rating organization shall consider information about an issuer that the nationally recognized statistical rating organization has, or receives from a source other than the issuer or underwriter, that the nationally recognized statistical rating organization finds credible and potentially significant to a rating decision. The Commission shall, by rule, adopt data standards for all collections of information required to be submitted or published by a nationally recognized statistical rating organization under this section. The data standards required under paragraph (1) shall incorporate, and ensure compatibility with (to the extent feasible), all applicable data standards established in the rules promulgated under section 5334 of title 12 , including, to the extent practicable, by having the characteristics described in clauses (i) through (vi) of subsection (c)(1)(B) of such section 5334. meets standards of training, experience, and competence necessary to produce accurate ratings for the categories of issuers whose securities the person rates; and is tested for knowledge of the credit rating process.” any regulation issued by such agency that requires the use of an assessment of the credit-worthiness of a security or money market instrument; and any references to or requirements in such regulations regarding credit ratings. Each such agency shall modify any such regulations identified by the review conducted under subsection (a) to remove any reference to or requirement of reliance on credit ratings and to substitute in such regulations such standard of credit-worthiness as each respective agency shall determine as appropriate for such regulations. In making such determination, such agencies shall seek to establish, to the extent feasible, uniform standards of credit-worthiness for use by each such agency, taking into account the entities regulated by each such agency and the purposes for which such entities would rely on such standards of credit-worthiness. Upon conclusion of the review required under subsection (a), each Federal agency shall transmit a report to Congress containing a description of any modification of any regulation such agency made pursuant to subsection (b).” the representations, warranties, and enforcement mechanisms available to investors; and how they differ from the representations, warranties, and enforcement mechanisms in issuances of similar securities; and require any securitizer (as that term is defined in section 15G(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 [ 15 U.S.C. 78 o –11(a)], as added by this subtitle) to disclose fulfilled and unfulfilled repurchase requests across all trusts aggregated by the securitizer, so that investors may identify asset originators with clear underwriting deficiencies.” Because of the systemic importance of credit ratings and the reliance placed on credit ratings by individual and institutional investors and financial regulators, the activities and performances of credit rating agencies, including nationally recognized statistical rating organizations, are matters of national public interest, as credit rating agencies are central to capital formation, investor confidence, and the efficient performance of the United States economy. Credit rating agencies, including nationally recognized statistical rating organizations, play a critical ‘gatekeeper’ role in the debt market that is functionally similar to that of securities analysts, who evaluate the quality of securities in the equity market, and auditors, who review the financial statements of firms. Such role justifies a similar level of public oversight and accountability. Because credit rating agencies perform evaluative and analytical services on behalf of clients, much as other financial ‘gatekeepers’ do, the activities of credit rating agencies are fundamentally commercial in character and should be subject to the same standards of liability and oversight as apply to auditors, securities analysts, and investment bankers. In certain activities, particularly in advising arrangers of structured financial products on potential ratings of such products, credit rating agencies face conflicts of interest that need to be carefully monitored and that therefore should be addressed explicitly in legislation in order to give clearer authority to the Securities and Exchange Commission. In the recent financial crisis, the ratings on structured financial products have proven to be inaccurate. This inaccuracy contributed significantly to the mismanagement of risks by financial institutions and investors, which in turn adversely impacted the health of the economy in the United States and around the world. Such inaccuracy necessitates increased accountability on the part of credit rating agencies.” their ratings, publications, writings, analyses, and reports are furnished and distributed, and their contracts, subscription agreements, and other arrangements with clients are negotiated and performed, by the use of the mails and other means and instrumentalities of interstate commerce; their ratings, publications, writings, analyses, and reports customarily relate to the purchase and sale of securities traded on securities exchanges and in interstate over-the-counter markets, securities issued by companies engaged in business in interstate commerce, and securities issued by national banks and member banks of the Federal Reserve System; the foregoing transactions occur in such volume as substantially to affect interstate commerce, the securities markets, the national banking system, and the national economy; the oversight of such credit rating agencies serves the compelling interest of investor protection; the 2 largest credit rating agencies serve the vast majority of the market, and additional competition is in the public interest; and the Commission has indicated that it needs statutory authority to oversee the credit rating industry.” identifies applicants for registration under section 15E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 [ 15 U.S.C. 78 o –7], as added by this Act; specifies the number of and actions taken on such applications; and specifies the views of the Commission on the state of competition, transparency, and conflicts of interest among nationally recognized statistical rating organizations.” the term ‘Commission’ means the Securities and Exchange Commission; and the term ‘nationally recognized statistical rating organization’ has the same meaning as in section 3(a)(62) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 [ 15 U.S.C. 78c(a)(62) ], as added by this Act.”